Rentabilidad de sistemas agroforestales: análisis con MICMAC y Ábaco de Régnier
Abstract
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores clave que afectan la rentabilidad de los sistemas agroforestales, con el fin de evaluar su impacto y sus relaciones de influencia y dependencia. Se utilizaron dos técnicas de análisis: el Ábaco de Régnier, para evaluar la importancia directa de los factores, y el método MICMAC, que permite clasificar con mayor detalle los factores asociados a los sistemas agroforestales. Los resultados muestran que las condiciones climáticas y edáficas, acceso a mercados, y los costos de establecimiento y mantenimiento, entre otros, son considerados los factores más relevantes. Se concluye que, para maximizar la rentabilidad de los sistemas agroforestales, es fundamental adoptar un enfoque integral de gestión. Esto implica, por un lado, optimizar la gestión de los costos y, por otro, realizar una adecuada selección de especies y un manejo técnico eficiente del sistema. De esta manera, se fortalecen las condiciones necesarias para mejorar el desempeño productivo y económico de los sistemas agroforestales. Finalmente, este estudio aporta un entendimiento detallado de los factores que influyen en la rentabilidad de los sistemas agroforestales, lo que permitirá orientar políticas, estrategias de manejo e investigaciones futuras que contribuyan a mejorar la adopción y sostenibilidad de estos sistemas en diferentes contextos agroecológicos.
References
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Gosling, E., Knoke, T., Reith, E., Reyes, A., & Paul, C. (2021). Which socio-economic conditions drive the selection of agroforestry at the forest frontier? Environmental Management, 67(6), 1119–1136. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-021-01439-0
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Laurans, Y., & Mermet, L. (2014). Ecosystem services economic valuation, decision-support system or advocacy? Ecosystem Services, 7, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.10.002
Low, G., Dalhaus, T., & Meuwissen, M. (2023). Mixed farming and agroforestry systems: A systematic review on value chain implications. Agricultural Systems, 206, 103606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103606
Mbow, C., Smith, P., Skole, D., Duguma, L., & Bustamante, M. (2014). Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002
Mishra, R. K., & Mishra, Y. (2018). Challenges and strategies to address food and livelihood security in agroforestry. En P. K. Sarvade, R. K. Mishra, & M. S. S. S. Prasad (Eds.), Agroforestry: Anecdotal to Modern Science (pp. 817–832). Springer Singapore.
Molua, E. L. (2005). The economics of tropical agroforestry systems: the case of agroforestry farms in Cameroon. Forest Policy and Economics, 7(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00032-7
Mukhlis, I., Rizaludin, M., & Hidayah, I. N. (2022). Understanding socio-economic and environmental impacts of agroforestry on rural communities. Forests, 13(4), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13040556
Nair, P. K. R. (2011). Agroforestry systems and environmental quality: introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(3), 784–790. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2134/jeq2011.0076
Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M., Nair, V. D., Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M., & Nair, V. D. (2021). Global distribution of agroforestry systems. En P. K. R. Nair, B. M. Kumar, & V. D. Nair (Eds.), An introduction to agroforestry: four decades of scientific developments (pp. 45–58). Springer International Publishing.
Notaro, M., Gary, C., & Deheuvels, O. (2020). Plant diversity and density in cocoa-based agroforestry systems: how farmers’ income is affected in the Dominican Republic. Agroforestry Systems, 94(3), 1071–1084. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-019-00472-7
Pérez, I., Janssen, M. A., & Anderies, J. M. (2016). Food security in the face of climate change: Adaptive capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems to environmental variability. Global Environmental Change, 40, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.005
Place, F., Ajayi, O. C., Torquebiau, E., Detlefsen, G., Gauthier, M., & Buttoud, G. (2013). Improved Policies for Faciliting the Adoption of Agroforestry. Programa Agroambiental Mesoamericano (MAP). Fase I.
Raj, A., Jhariya, M. K., Yadav, D. S., Banerjee, A., & Meena, R. S. (2019). Agroforestry: a holistic approach for agricultural sustainability. En V. B. Singh, D. S. Yadav, P. K. Singh, & R. S. Meena (Eds.), Sustainable agriculture, forest and environmental management (pp. 101–131). Springer Nature Singapore.
Rosati, A., Borek, R., & Canali, S. (2021). Agroforestry and organic agriculture. Agroforestry Systems, 95(5), 805–821.
Sampieri, H. (2018). Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta (1ra ed.). McGraw Hill.
Sánchez, A., Kamau, H. J., Grazioli, F., & Jones, S. K. (2022). Financial profitability of diversified farming systems: A global meta-analysis. Ecological Economics, 201, 107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107595
Schiller, K., Klerkx, L., Poortvliet, P., & Godek, W. (2020). Exploring barriers to the agroecological transition in Nicaragua: A Technological Innovation Systems Approach. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 44(1), 88–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1602097
Schroth, G., & Ruf, F. (2014). Farmer strategies for tree crop diversification in the humid tropics. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 139–154. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-013-0175-4
Semroc, B., Schroth, G., Harvey, C., Zepeda, Y., Hills, T., Lubis, S., et al. (2013). Climate change mitigation in agroforestry systems: linking smallholders to forest carbon markets. En C. A. Palm, H. K. van Noordwijk, L. Hairiah, & C. W. (Eds.), Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture (pp. 360–369). Routledge.
Shah, F., & Wu, W. (2019). Soil and crop management strategies to ensure higher crop productivity within sustainable environments. Sustainability, 11(5), 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051485
Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789957/
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Sollen-Norrlin, M., Ghaley, B. B., & Rintoul, N. (2020). Agroforestry benefits and challenges for adoption in Europe and beyond. Sustainability, 12(17), 7001. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177001
Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory research. En R. Swedberg (Ed.), The production of knowledge: Enhancing progress in social science (pp. 17–41). Cambridge University Press.
Zaca, F., Ngidi, M., Chipfupa, U., Ojo, T., & Managa, L. (2023). Factors influencing the uptake of agroforestry practices among rural households: Empirical Evidence from the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Forests, 14(10), 2056. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/10/2056
Achmad, B., Sanudin, M., Widiyanto, A., Diniyati, D., Sudomo, A., Ruswandi, A., & et al. (2022). Traditional subsistence farming of smallholder agroforestry systems in Indonesia: A review. Sustainability, 14(14), 8631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148631
Angouri, J., & Litoselliti, L. (2018). Quantitative, qualitative, mixed or holistic research? Combining methods in linguistic research. En L. Litoselliti (Ed.), Research methods in linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 35–55). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Arcade, J., Godet, M., Meunier, F., & Roubelat, F. (2014). Structural analysis with the MICMAC method & actors’ strategy with mactor method. Futures Research Methods, 1, 1–48. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262950508_Structural_Analysis_with_Knowledge-based_MICMAC_Approach
Birla, D., Yadav, S., Gajanand, P., Patel, R., & Sanodiya, P. (2024). Agronomic techniques to improve environmental restoration and climatic resilience in the agroforestry system. En P. D. Soni, V. K. Jaria, & H. M. Chauhan (Eds.), Agroforestry solutions for climate change and environmental restoration (pp. 437–462). Springer Nature Singapore.
Castle, S., Miller, D., Ordonez, P., Baylis, K., & Hughes, K. (2021). The impacts of agroforestry interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17(2), e1167. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cl2.1167
Dardonville, M., Urruty, N., Bockstaller, C., & Therond, O. (2020). Influence of diversity and intensification level on vulnerability, resilience and robustness of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems, 184, 102913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102913
Do, H. T., Luedeling, E., & Whitney, C. (2020). Decision analysis of agroforestry options reveals adoption risks for resource-poor farmers. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40(3), 1–12. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-020-00624-5
Garrity, D. P. (2004). Agroforestry and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Agroforestry Systems, 61(1-3), 5–17. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028986.37502.7c
Godet, M. (1994). From anticipation to action: A handbook of strategic prospective. UNESCO.
Godet, M. (2001). Creating futures: Scenario planning as a strategic management tool. Economica.
Gosling, E., Knoke, T., Reith, E., Reyes, A., & Paul, C. (2021). Which socio-economic conditions drive the selection of agroforestry at the forest frontier? Environmental Management, 67(6), 1119–1136. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-021-01439-0
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6ta ed.). McGraw Hill.
Hunziker, S., & Blankenagel, M. (2024). Cross-sectional research design. En S. Hunziker & M. Blankenagel (Eds.), Research Design in Business and Management: A Practical Guide for Students and Researchers (pp. 187–199). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
Jose, A., Deepak, K., & Rajamani, N. (2024). Innovation in agriculture and the environment: A roadmap to food security in developing nations. En D. K. Sahoo, P. K. Dash, V. S. R. L. K. R. Namburi, & A. K. Nayak (Eds.), Food Security in a Developing World: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities (pp. 259–281). Springer Nature Switzerland.
Kamal, M. M., Ahmed, R. S., Alam, W., & Ali, N. (2023). Maximizing productivity and sustainability of land through agroforestry: insights into knowledge, perceptions, and economic benefits. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 54(3), 12501–12518. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369741378_Maximizing_Productivity_and_Sustainability_of_Land_through_Agroforestry_Insights_into_Knowledge_Perceptions_and_Economic_Benefits
Kaske, K., Garcia de Jalon, S., Williams, A., & Graves, A. (2021). Assessing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on economic profitability of arable, forestry, and silvoarable systems. Sustainability, 13(7), 3637. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073637
Kay, S., Graves, A., Palma, J. H. N., Moreno, G., Roces-Díaz, J. V., Aviron, S., & Herzog, F. (2019). Agroforestry is paying off–Economic evaluation of ecosystem services in European landscapes with and without agroforestry systems. Ecosystem Services, 36, 100896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100896
Laurans, Y., & Mermet, L. (2014). Ecosystem services economic valuation, decision-support system or advocacy? Ecosystem Services, 7, 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.10.002
Low, G., Dalhaus, T., & Meuwissen, M. (2023). Mixed farming and agroforestry systems: A systematic review on value chain implications. Agricultural Systems, 206, 103606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103606
Mbow, C., Smith, P., Skole, D., Duguma, L., & Bustamante, M. (2014). Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002
Mishra, R. K., & Mishra, Y. (2018). Challenges and strategies to address food and livelihood security in agroforestry. En P. K. Sarvade, R. K. Mishra, & M. S. S. S. Prasad (Eds.), Agroforestry: Anecdotal to Modern Science (pp. 817–832). Springer Singapore.
Molua, E. L. (2005). The economics of tropical agroforestry systems: the case of agroforestry farms in Cameroon. Forest Policy and Economics, 7(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00032-7
Mukhlis, I., Rizaludin, M., & Hidayah, I. N. (2022). Understanding socio-economic and environmental impacts of agroforestry on rural communities. Forests, 13(4), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13040556
Nair, P. K. R. (2011). Agroforestry systems and environmental quality: introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(3), 784–790. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2134/jeq2011.0076
Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M., Nair, V. D., Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M., & Nair, V. D. (2021). Global distribution of agroforestry systems. En P. K. R. Nair, B. M. Kumar, & V. D. Nair (Eds.), An introduction to agroforestry: four decades of scientific developments (pp. 45–58). Springer International Publishing.
Notaro, M., Gary, C., & Deheuvels, O. (2020). Plant diversity and density in cocoa-based agroforestry systems: how farmers’ income is affected in the Dominican Republic. Agroforestry Systems, 94(3), 1071–1084. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-019-00472-7
Pérez, I., Janssen, M. A., & Anderies, J. M. (2016). Food security in the face of climate change: Adaptive capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems to environmental variability. Global Environmental Change, 40, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.005
Place, F., Ajayi, O. C., Torquebiau, E., Detlefsen, G., Gauthier, M., & Buttoud, G. (2013). Improved Policies for Faciliting the Adoption of Agroforestry. Programa Agroambiental Mesoamericano (MAP). Fase I.
Raj, A., Jhariya, M. K., Yadav, D. S., Banerjee, A., & Meena, R. S. (2019). Agroforestry: a holistic approach for agricultural sustainability. En V. B. Singh, D. S. Yadav, P. K. Singh, & R. S. Meena (Eds.), Sustainable agriculture, forest and environmental management (pp. 101–131). Springer Nature Singapore.
Rosati, A., Borek, R., & Canali, S. (2021). Agroforestry and organic agriculture. Agroforestry Systems, 95(5), 805–821.
Sampieri, H. (2018). Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta (1ra ed.). McGraw Hill.
Sánchez, A., Kamau, H. J., Grazioli, F., & Jones, S. K. (2022). Financial profitability of diversified farming systems: A global meta-analysis. Ecological Economics, 201, 107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107595
Schiller, K., Klerkx, L., Poortvliet, P., & Godek, W. (2020). Exploring barriers to the agroecological transition in Nicaragua: A Technological Innovation Systems Approach. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 44(1), 88–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1602097
Schroth, G., & Ruf, F. (2014). Farmer strategies for tree crop diversification in the humid tropics. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 139–154. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-013-0175-4
Semroc, B., Schroth, G., Harvey, C., Zepeda, Y., Hills, T., Lubis, S., et al. (2013). Climate change mitigation in agroforestry systems: linking smallholders to forest carbon markets. En C. A. Palm, H. K. van Noordwijk, L. Hairiah, & C. W. (Eds.), Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture (pp. 360–369). Routledge.
Shah, F., & Wu, W. (2019). Soil and crop management strategies to ensure higher crop productivity within sustainable environments. Sustainability, 11(5), 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051485
Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789957/
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Sollen-Norrlin, M., Ghaley, B. B., & Rintoul, N. (2020). Agroforestry benefits and challenges for adoption in Europe and beyond. Sustainability, 12(17), 7001. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177001
Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory research. En R. Swedberg (Ed.), The production of knowledge: Enhancing progress in social science (pp. 17–41). Cambridge University Press.
Zaca, F., Ngidi, M., Chipfupa, U., Ojo, T., & Managa, L. (2023). Factors influencing the uptake of agroforestry practices among rural households: Empirical Evidence from the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Forests, 14(10), 2056. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/10/2056
Published
2026-01-02
How to Cite
Martelo Gómez, P. M., Martelo Ballesteros, Z. A., & Martelo Gómez, R. J. (2026). Rentabilidad de sistemas agroforestales: análisis con MICMAC y Ábaco de Régnier. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(113), e3111316. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.31.113.16
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TRIMESTRE
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