Discriminatory manifestations in the context of transhumanism: socio-legal aspect

Manifestaciones discriminatorias en el contexto del transhumanismo: aspecto socio-jurídico

• Tetiana Mikhailina Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-2470
• Iryna Zharovska Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-8120
• Yaryna Bohiv Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-4565
• Olena Kovalchuk Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-1625
• Olena Romtsiv Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3776-7120

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.48

Palabras clave: discriminación y derechos humanos, derechos somáticos y transhumanismo, sociedad digital, desigualdad sociotecnológica, brecha transhumanista

Resumen

El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar un conjunto de retos discriminatorios relacionados con el desarrollo y la aplicación del concepto de transhumanismo en una sociedad digital, así como desarrollar y justificar un sistema de medidas socio-jurídicas destinadas a su nivelación parcial. Los principales métodos empleados por investigación fueron: el método de sistema, los métodos cibernéticos y sinérgicos, los métodos de extrapolación, la modelización sociojurídica, así como el método formal- legal, el método jurídico-práctico y el método del caso. La investigación propone y fundamenta el concepto de desigualdad sociotecnológica. Se concluye que existe la condicionalidad mutua de la desigualdad social (socioeconómica) y sociotecnológica. Por otra parte, una mejor situación socioeconómica también proporcionará más oportunidades para las modificaciones tecnológicas del propio cuerpo. Esto puede conducir a una mayor profundización de la brecha transhumanista, cuya posibilidad se justifica en la investigación.

Citas

ANTOSHKINA, Valeriia; MYROSLAV, Nikolenko; VLADYSLAV S, Oliinyk; ROMTSIV, Olena; MAKARCHUK, Volodymyr; 2021. “The Role of Principles of Law in Legal Interpretation.” In: Estudios de Economía Aplicada. Vol. 39, No. 9. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.25115/ eea.v39i9.5782 Consultation date: 10/05/2022.

BABINA, Svitlana. 2021. “Human transformations in modern cultural space: ethical and axiological aspect” In: Bulletin of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series: philosophy, philosophy of law, political science, sociology. Vol. 04, No. 51, pp. 96-107.

BOSTROM, Nick. 2003b. “Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective”. In: Journal of Value Inquiry. Vol. 37, No. 04, pp. 493-506. Available online. In: https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/genetic.pdf. Consultation date: 10/05/2022.

BOSTROM, Nick. 2003a. Transhumanist Values, Ethical Issues for the 21st Century. Еd. Frederick Adams. Oxford University. Available online. In: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/publications/bostrom-n-2003-transhumanist-values-ethical-issues-for-the-21st-century-ed-frederick-adams/ Consultation date: 10/05/2022.

CENTER FOR DEVICES, & RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH. (n.d.). “Implanted Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) devices for patients with paralysis or amputation - non-clinical testing and clinical considerations. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FDA”. Available online. In: https://www. fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/ implanted-brain-computer-interface-bci-devices-patients-paralysis-or- amputation-non-clinical-testing. Consultation date: 02/07/2022.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 2018, March 26. “Round table “Property Rights of Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine.” Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/kyiv/idps-old/-/asset_publisher/apxzANo4kCFp/content/round-table-property-rights-of-internally-displaced-persons-in-ukraine-?inheritRedirect=false. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.

DOVHAN, Bohdana. 2020. “Problems of defining the concept, essence and classification of the fourth generation of human rights” In: Modern problems of legislation, practice of its application and legal science: mater. of All-Ukrainian scientific-practical internet conference. «Autumn Legal Readings - 2020» (November 26, 2020). Vinnytsia, pp. 45-48.

DOVHAN, Bohdana; MIKHAILINA, Tetiana. 2021. “Fourth-generation digital human rights through the prism of transhumanism”. In: Entrepreneurship, economy and law. Vol. 01, pp. 171-175. Available online. In: http://pgp-journal.kiev.ua/archive/2021/1/31.pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.

DREXLER, K. Eric. 1992. “Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation”. Nashville, TN: John Wiley & Sons. Available online. In: https://www.academia.edu/1773616/Nanosystems_Molecular_ machinery_manufacturing_and_computation_Book. Consultation date: 14/07/2022.

DZOBAN, Olexander. 2021. “Digital human as a philosophical problem” In: Information and law. Vol. 02, No. 37, pp. 09-19. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2021.2(37).238330. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.

EPFL. Blue Brain Project. (2005-2023). n.d. Available online. In: www.epfl.ch/research/domains/bluebrain/. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.

FUTURE OF WORK 2030: HOW TO PREPARE FOR CHANGE IN UKRAINE. n.d. Due to technological progress, today’s 18-year-old will have to retrain and get a new Professional every five years. Careerhub.in.Ua. Retrieved June 20, 2022. Available online. In: https://careerhub.in.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Future-of-Work-research-Eng.pdf. Consultation date: 14/07/2022.

GROMOVCHUK, Myroslava. 2022. “Somatic Human Rights in the Process of Biomedical Research: Analysis of Scientific Sources” In: Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence. No. 4, pp. 43-47. Available online. In: doi:10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.7.

KURZWEIL, Ray. 1999. “The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence”. Viking. New York, USA.

KURZWEIL, Ray. 2012. “How to create a mind: The secret of human thought revealed”. Viking Books. New York, USA.

LAW OF UKRAINE. 1997. “Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of November 4, 1950, no. 475/97-VR of July 17.” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004#Text. Consultation date: 06/06/2022.

LAW OF UKRAINE. 2012. On the Principles of Preventing and Combating Discrimination in Ukraine: of September 6, 2012, No. 5207-VI (with changes). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5207-17#Text. Consultation date: 10/12/2022.

MELYAKOVA, Yuliia. 2020. On the question of values: transhumanism or non-humanism. Modern science: problems and innovations: the 2nd International scientific and practical conference (May 3-5, 2020). SSPG Publish, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 763-770.

MORE, Max. 1996. “Transhumanism: Towards a futurist philosophy” In: Extropy, 6.” Available online. In: https://www.ildodopensiero.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/max-more-transhumanism-towards-a-futurist-philosophy.pdf Consultation date: 10/06/2022.

MORE, Max. 2010. “The Overhuman in the Transhuman” In: Journal of Evolution and Technology. Vol. 21, Np. 01, pp. 01-04. Available online. In: https://jetpress.org/v21/more.htm. . Consultation date: 10/03/2022.

OSTBERG, René. 3 Nov. 2022, «transhumanism» In: Encyclopedia Britannica. Available online. In: https://www.britannica.com/topic/ transhumanism. Consultation date: 16/06/2022.

ROSS, Benjamin. 2020. “The Role of the Philosopher in Transhumanism»” In: The Philosophy of Transhumanism. Emerald Publishing Limited. Bingley, England, pp. 127-146.

THE TRANSHUMANIST MANIFESTO. 2020. Cutt.Ly. Available online. In: https://natashavita-more.com/transhumanist-manifesto/. Consultation date: 04/12/2022.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 1948. Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly. Bodleian Library. Paris, France.

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE.1996. “Constitution of Ukraine adopted at the fifth session of the on June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.