Determinantes de la intención emprendedora de las mujeres marroquíes
Abstract
Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los determinantes de la intención emprendedora de las mujeres jóvenes en una sociedad patriarcal. A base de la teoría del comportamiento planificado, se elaboró una prueba empírica sobre una muestra de 169 jóvenes mujeres marroquíes, siguiendo un esquema cuya ecuación estructural se fundamenta en la aproximación PLS. Los resultados de la presente investigación confirman que las actitudes hacia el comportamiento y la percepción de la capacidad emprendedora contribuyen fuertemente en la explicación de la intención emprendedora de las mujeres jóvenes. Sin embargo, las normas sociales ejercen un efecto negativo sobre la intención de las mujeres jóvenes hacia la creación de la empresa. En consecuencia, los gobiernos están llamados a proponer programas de seguimiento a las mujeres emprendedoras, con la finalidad de mejorar el nivel de la intención emprendedora de las mujeres jóvenes.
References
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Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In: Advances in experimental social psychology. Elsevier, 1–63.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113–1127.
Al-Harrasi, A.S., Al-Zadjali, E.B., and Al-Salti, Z.S. (2014). Factors Impacting Entrepreneurial Intention: A Literature Review. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 8(8), 2487–2490. https://zenodo.org/record/1094169/files/9998991.pdf
Audet, J. (2001). Une étude des aspirations entrepreneuriales d’étudiants universitaires québécois: seront-ils des entrepreneurs demain? In: Administrative Sciences Association of Canada International Federation of Scholarly Associations of Management-Annual Conference-. NOT KNOWN, 31–40.
Aviram, N.F., Cohen, N., and Beeri, I. (2020). Policy entrepreneurship in developing countries: A systematic review of the literature. Public Administration and Development, 40(1), 35–48. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331951387_Policy_Entrepreneurship_in_Developing_Countries_A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Literature
Bachiri, M. (2016). Les déterminants de l’intention entrepreneuriale des étudiants, quels enseignements pour l’université marocaine ? Management & Avenir, 89(7), 109–127. https://www.cairn.info/revue-management-et-avenir-2016-7-page-109.htm
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., and Tarnawa, A. (2020). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2019/2020 Global Report. London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School, Global Report.
Boubker, O. and Douayri, K. (2020). Dataset on the relationship between consumer satisfaction, brand attitude, brand preference and purchase intentions of dairy product: The case of the Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra region in Morocco. Data in Brief, 32, 106172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106172
Boubker, O., Arroud, M., and Ouajdouni, A., (2021). Entrepreneurship education versus management students’ entrepreneurial intentions. A PLS-SEM approach. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100450
Cañizares, S.M.S. and García, F.J.F. (2013). Mujer y emprendimiento: Un análisis en el contexto universitario español. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 19(1), 140–153.
Chhabra, S., Raghunathan, R., & Rao, N.V.M. (2020). The antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-06-2019-0034
Constantinidis, C., El Abboubi, M., Salman, N., and Cornet, A., (2017). L’entrepreneuriat féminin dans une société en transitions : analyse de trois profils de femmes entrepreneures au Maroc. Revue internationale P.M.E., 30 (3–4), 37–68. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ipme/2017-v30-n3-4-ipme03334/1042660ar/
Engle, R.L., Schlaegel, C., and Delanoe, S., (2011). The Role of Social Influence, Culture, and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intent. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 24(4), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2011.10593549
Estrada, S.M.D., Reyes, R.I.C., Vargas, J.L.C. and Castro, C.R.M., 2020. Emprendimiento femenino por necesidad en Ecuador. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 25(91), 1221–1233. https://doi.org/10.37960/rvg.v25i91.33192
Farouk, A. and Sami, B. (2014). L’impact des facteurs économiques sur l’intention entrepreneuriale. La Revue Gestion et Organisation, 6(1), 1–6.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA, Addison Wesley.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
Fragoso, R., Rocha-Junior, W., and Xavier, A. (2019). Determinant factors of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Brazil and Portugal. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1551459
Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E., and Katz, J.A. (1994). Finding the Entrepreneur in Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800301
Gerba, D.T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701211265036
Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Herman, E. (2019). Entrepreneurial Intention among Engineering Students and Its Main Determinants. Procedia Manufacturing, 32, 318–324.
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., and Watson, B. (2003). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In: Proceedings of SEAANZ 2003 Conference. Presented at the SEAANZ 2003 Conference, University of Ballarat, Victoria: University of Ballarat (Online).
Kilenthong, P., Hills, G., and Monllor, J. (2008). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention (summary). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 28(4), 11.
Krueger, N. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101
Krueger, N. F. (2017). Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. In: M. Brännback and A.L. Carsrud, eds. Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind: Inside the Black Box: An Expanded Edition. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 13–34.
Krueger, N. F. and Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91–104. https://cemi.com.au/sites/all/publications/Krueger%20and%20Brazeal%201994.pdf
Krueger, N.F. and Carsrud, A.L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330.
Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., and Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Liñán, F. and Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
Liñán, F. and Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J., and Rueda-Cantuche, J. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z
Lortie, J. and Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935–957.
Maâlej, A. (2013). Les déterminants de l’intention entrepreneuriale des jeunes diplômés. La Revue Gestion et Organisation, 5(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgo.2013.10.006
Neneh, B. (2019). From entrepreneurial intentions to behavior: The role of anticipated regret and proactive personality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.04.005
Ordeñana, X., Vera-Gilces, P., Zambrano-Vera, J., and Amaya, A. (2019). Does all entrepreneurship matter? The contribution of entrepreneurial activity to economic growth. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print).
Ouajdouni, A., Chafik, K., and Boubker, O. (2021). Measuring e-learning systems success: Data from students of Higher Education Institutions in Morocco. Data in Brief, 35, 106807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106807
Rashid, S. and Ratten, V., 2020. A Systematic Literature Review on Women Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies While Reflecting Specifically on SAARC Countries. In: V. Ratten, ed. Entrepreneurship and Organizational Change: Managing Innovation and Creative Capabilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 37–88.
Rispal, M. and Jouison-Laffitte, E. (2015). La contribution des méthodes qualitatives au développement du champ de l’entrepreneuriat. Revue de lEntrepreneuriat, 14(1), 15–40.
Royer, I. and Zarlowski, P., 2014. Chapitre 8. Échantillon(s). Méthodes de recherche en management. Dunod.
Sergi, B.S., Popkova, E.G., Bogoviz, A.V., and Ragulina, J.V., 2019. Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: The Experience of Developed and Developing Countries. In: B. S. Sergi and C. C. Scanlon, eds. Entrepreneurship and Development in the 21st Century. Emerald Publishing Limited, 3–32.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In: Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Social Science Research Network, 72–90.
Sharahiley, S. (2020). Examining Entrepreneurial Intention of the Saudi Arabia’s University Students: Analyzing Alternative Integrated Research Model of TPB and EEM. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 21(1), 67–84. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40171-019-00231-8
Tovar, Y. S., García, M., and Flores, J. (2021). Diferencias en los determinantes del éxito en el emprendimiento en México, una perspectiva de género. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(94), pp.880–902. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgv26n94.25
Trivedi, R. (2017). Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1239–1261.
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., and Audretsch, D. (2019). Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what has been learned? Small Business Economics, 53(1), 21–49.
Uribe, E., Molinar, L., and Guillén, E. (2016). Motivaciones y obstáculos para el emprendedurismo: una perspectiva de género desde los jóvenes universitarios. Retos, 6(11), pp.41–50. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n11.2016.03
Wiklund, J., Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M.-D., and Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 579–588.
Wilson, F., Kickul, J., and Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self–Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387–406.
Zgheib, P. (2018). Multi-level framework of push-pull entrepreneurship: comparing American and Lebanese women. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(3), 768–786. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0314
Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. In: Advances in experimental social psychology. Elsevier, 1–63.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113–1127.
Al-Harrasi, A.S., Al-Zadjali, E.B., and Al-Salti, Z.S. (2014). Factors Impacting Entrepreneurial Intention: A Literature Review. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 8(8), 2487–2490. https://zenodo.org/record/1094169/files/9998991.pdf
Audet, J. (2001). Une étude des aspirations entrepreneuriales d’étudiants universitaires québécois: seront-ils des entrepreneurs demain? In: Administrative Sciences Association of Canada International Federation of Scholarly Associations of Management-Annual Conference-. NOT KNOWN, 31–40.
Aviram, N.F., Cohen, N., and Beeri, I. (2020). Policy entrepreneurship in developing countries: A systematic review of the literature. Public Administration and Development, 40(1), 35–48. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331951387_Policy_Entrepreneurship_in_Developing_Countries_A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Literature
Bachiri, M. (2016). Les déterminants de l’intention entrepreneuriale des étudiants, quels enseignements pour l’université marocaine ? Management & Avenir, 89(7), 109–127. https://www.cairn.info/revue-management-et-avenir-2016-7-page-109.htm
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., and Tarnawa, A. (2020). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2019/2020 Global Report. London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School, Global Report.
Boubker, O. and Douayri, K. (2020). Dataset on the relationship between consumer satisfaction, brand attitude, brand preference and purchase intentions of dairy product: The case of the Laayoune-Sakia El Hamra region in Morocco. Data in Brief, 32, 106172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106172
Boubker, O., Arroud, M., and Ouajdouni, A., (2021). Entrepreneurship education versus management students’ entrepreneurial intentions. A PLS-SEM approach. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100450
Cañizares, S.M.S. and García, F.J.F. (2013). Mujer y emprendimiento: Un análisis en el contexto universitario español. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), 19(1), 140–153.
Chhabra, S., Raghunathan, R., & Rao, N.V.M. (2020). The antecedents of entrepreneurial intention among women entrepreneurs in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-06-2019-0034
Constantinidis, C., El Abboubi, M., Salman, N., and Cornet, A., (2017). L’entrepreneuriat féminin dans une société en transitions : analyse de trois profils de femmes entrepreneures au Maroc. Revue internationale P.M.E., 30 (3–4), 37–68. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ipme/2017-v30-n3-4-ipme03334/1042660ar/
Engle, R.L., Schlaegel, C., and Delanoe, S., (2011). The Role of Social Influence, Culture, and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intent. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 24(4), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2011.10593549
Estrada, S.M.D., Reyes, R.I.C., Vargas, J.L.C. and Castro, C.R.M., 2020. Emprendimiento femenino por necesidad en Ecuador. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 25(91), 1221–1233. https://doi.org/10.37960/rvg.v25i91.33192
Farouk, A. and Sami, B. (2014). L’impact des facteurs économiques sur l’intention entrepreneuriale. La Revue Gestion et Organisation, 6(1), 1–6.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA, Addison Wesley.
Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
Fragoso, R., Rocha-Junior, W., and Xavier, A. (2019). Determinant factors of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Brazil and Portugal. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1551459
Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E., and Katz, J.A. (1994). Finding the Entrepreneur in Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800301
Gerba, D.T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701211265036
Hair, J.F., Risher, J.J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C.M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Herman, E. (2019). Entrepreneurial Intention among Engineering Students and Its Main Determinants. Procedia Manufacturing, 32, 318–324.
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., and Watson, B. (2003). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In: Proceedings of SEAANZ 2003 Conference. Presented at the SEAANZ 2003 Conference, University of Ballarat, Victoria: University of Ballarat (Online).
Kilenthong, P., Hills, G., and Monllor, J. (2008). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention (summary). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 28(4), 11.
Krueger, N. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101
Krueger, N. F. (2017). Entrepreneurial Intentions Are Dead: Long Live Entrepreneurial Intentions. In: M. Brännback and A.L. Carsrud, eds. Revisiting the Entrepreneurial Mind: Inside the Black Box: An Expanded Edition. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 13–34.
Krueger, N. F. and Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91–104. https://cemi.com.au/sites/all/publications/Krueger%20and%20Brazeal%201994.pdf
Krueger, N.F. and Carsrud, A.L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330.
Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., and Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Liñán, F. and Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
Liñán, F. and Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J., and Rueda-Cantuche, J. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z
Lortie, J. and Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: what we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935–957.
Maâlej, A. (2013). Les déterminants de l’intention entrepreneuriale des jeunes diplômés. La Revue Gestion et Organisation, 5(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgo.2013.10.006
Neneh, B. (2019). From entrepreneurial intentions to behavior: The role of anticipated regret and proactive personality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.04.005
Ordeñana, X., Vera-Gilces, P., Zambrano-Vera, J., and Amaya, A. (2019). Does all entrepreneurship matter? The contribution of entrepreneurial activity to economic growth. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print).
Ouajdouni, A., Chafik, K., and Boubker, O. (2021). Measuring e-learning systems success: Data from students of Higher Education Institutions in Morocco. Data in Brief, 35, 106807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106807
Rashid, S. and Ratten, V., 2020. A Systematic Literature Review on Women Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies While Reflecting Specifically on SAARC Countries. In: V. Ratten, ed. Entrepreneurship and Organizational Change: Managing Innovation and Creative Capabilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 37–88.
Rispal, M. and Jouison-Laffitte, E. (2015). La contribution des méthodes qualitatives au développement du champ de l’entrepreneuriat. Revue de lEntrepreneuriat, 14(1), 15–40.
Royer, I. and Zarlowski, P., 2014. Chapitre 8. Échantillon(s). Méthodes de recherche en management. Dunod.
Sergi, B.S., Popkova, E.G., Bogoviz, A.V., and Ragulina, J.V., 2019. Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: The Experience of Developed and Developing Countries. In: B. S. Sergi and C. C. Scanlon, eds. Entrepreneurship and Development in the 21st Century. Emerald Publishing Limited, 3–32.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. In: Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Social Science Research Network, 72–90.
Sharahiley, S. (2020). Examining Entrepreneurial Intention of the Saudi Arabia’s University Students: Analyzing Alternative Integrated Research Model of TPB and EEM. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 21(1), 67–84. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40171-019-00231-8
Tovar, Y. S., García, M., and Flores, J. (2021). Diferencias en los determinantes del éxito en el emprendimiento en México, una perspectiva de género. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 26(94), pp.880–902. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgv26n94.25
Trivedi, R. (2017). Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1239–1261.
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., and Audretsch, D. (2019). Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: what has been learned? Small Business Economics, 53(1), 21–49.
Uribe, E., Molinar, L., and Guillén, E. (2016). Motivaciones y obstáculos para el emprendedurismo: una perspectiva de género desde los jóvenes universitarios. Retos, 6(11), pp.41–50. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n11.2016.03
Wiklund, J., Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M.-D., and Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 579–588.
Wilson, F., Kickul, J., and Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self–Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387–406.
Zgheib, P. (2018). Multi-level framework of push-pull entrepreneurship: comparing American and Lebanese women. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(3), 768–786. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2015-0314
Published
2021-11-19
How to Cite
Boubker, O., Douayri, K., Aatar, A., & Rharzouz, J. (2021). Determinantes de la intención emprendedora de las mujeres marroquíes. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 26(6), 520-538. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.26.e6.32
Section
Tema: Inteligencia organizacional: Educación, Cultura y Digitalización
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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