Prevention of corruption offenses by public officials: Experience from European Union countries
Prevención de delitos de corrupción por parte de funcionarios: Experiencia de países de la Unión Europea
Palabras clave:
corrupción, protección de denunciantes, transparencia internacional, soborno pasivo, rastreo de activos
Resumen
El artículo analiza la eficacia de las medidas preventivas anticorrupción en los países de la Unión Europea UE. El estudio involucró métodos de comparación y pronóstico. Los resultados mostraron que la UE dirige sus esfuerzos para desarrollar iniciativas legislativas anticorrupción y su implementación a nivel nacional e internacional. Las leyes de protección de denunciantes adoptadas en los países de la UE son herramientas importantes para exponer las actividades ilegales cometidas en las organizaciones. La transparencia de la administración pública en Dinamarca y Finlandia contribuye al mantenimiento de las normas morales y legales de la sociedad. El Código danés de conducta en el sector público y la Guía anticorrupción finlandesa para pequeñas y medianas empresas se han convertido en documentos que ayudan a promover relaciones comerciales libres de corrupción. El proyecto finlandés Harmaa (gris) es un ejemplo de cómo el análisis de datos ayuda a los organismos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley a procesar grandes volúmenes de datos para prevenir delitos de corrupción. Se concluye que las iniciativas de los países de la UE para prevenir la corrupción de los funcionarios pueden convertirse en un ejemplo para Ucrania durante la recuperación de la posguerra.
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CESCHEL, Federico; HINNA, Alessandro; HOMBERG, Fabian. 2022. “Public Sector Strategies in Curbing Corruption: A Review of the Literature” In: Public Organization Review. Vol. 22, pp. 571-591.
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KOLOMOETS, T; KUSHNIR, S; KREMOVA, D. 2022. “Target Gift Restriction - An Amendment to the National Anti-corruption Legislation of Ukraine During the Period of the Legal Regime of Martial Law” In: Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. Vol. 8, pp. 29-46.
KOPOTUN, Ihor (Ed). 2023. Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine. As of January 1, 2022. Publishing house “Professional”, Kyiv. Available online. In: https://jurkniga.ua/contents/naukovo-praktichniy-komentar-kriminalnogo-kodeksu-ukrayini.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
LUNA-PLA, Issa; NICOLÁS-CARLOCK, Jose. 2020. “Corruption and Complexity: A Scientific Framework for the Analysis of Corruption Networks” In: Applied Network Science. Vol. 5, No. 13, pp. 01-18.
MA, Jiazheng; GUO, Bin; YU, Yanghang. 2022. “Perception of Official Corruption, Satisfaction With Government Performance, and Subjective Wellbeing—An Empirical Study From China” In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 13. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2022.748704. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
MATORERA, Douglas. 2022. “Corruption: Drivers, Modes and Consequences” In: Corruption - New Insights [Working Title], IntechOpen. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106826. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
MINISTRYOFECONOMICAFFAIRSANDEMPLOYMENTOFFINLAND.2020. Anti-corruption Guide. MEAE Guides and Other Publications 2020:2b ENG. ISSN 2342–7922 (electronic publications). Available online. In: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/162227/MEAE_guidelines_2b_2020_ENG_Anti_corruption_guide_for_ SMES_07052020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
NABU. 2023. Report: Second Half of 2022. [in Ukrainian]. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/maket_zvitu_dlya_ saytu_0.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
NATIONAL AGENCY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2023. The Unified State Register of Persons Who Have Committed Acts of Corruption or Related to Corruption [in Ukrainian]. Available online. In: https://corruptinfo.nazk.gov.ua/. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
NIKITENKO, Vìtalina; VORONKOVA, Valentyna; OLEKSENKO, Roman; FILORETOVA, Larysa; LANOVIUK, Liudmyla; KHVIST, Viktoriia. 2023. “Perspectives of Civilizational Political Development of World Regions in the Context of Current Challenges and Opportunities” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 41, No. 76, pp. 274-291.
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SHYLO, S. 2022. “Peculiarities of the Application of Legislation on the Prevention of Corruption Under martIal Law” In: Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University. Series: Law. Vol. 2, No. 74.
SOLOVYOVA, O. M. 2022. “Principles of Administrative Responsibility and Problems of Their Practical Implementation” In: Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. Vol. 9, pp. 325-339.
TOPCHII, Vasyl; ZADEREIKO, Svitlana; DIDKIVSKA, Galyna; BODUNOVA, Olesia; SHEVCHENKO, Dmytro. 2021. “International Anti-corruption Standards” In: Baltic Journal of Economic Studies. Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 277- 286.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. 2022. Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). Available online. In: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022. Consultation date: 22/12/2022.
TREPAK, Viktor. 2020. Theoretical and Applied Problems of Preventing and Countering Corruption in Ukraine. Dissertation for the Doctor of Law degree. Ivan Franko Lviv National University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Institute of State and Law named after V. M. Koretsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Available online. In: http://idpnan.org.ua/files/2020/trepak-v.m.-teoretiko- prikladni-problemi-zapobigannya-ta-protidiyi-koruptsiyi-v-ukrayini. pdf. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
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VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of 5 April 2001, No. 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021. Law of Ukraine dated 1 June 2021, No. 1502-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” Regarding Regulation of Certain Issues of Whistleblower Protection. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/1502-20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022a. Law of Ukraine of 20 June 2022, No. 2322-IX On the Principles of State Anti-corruption Policy for 2021– 2025. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2322- 20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022b. Law of Ukraine of 8 July 2022, No. 2381-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” Regarding the Specifics of the Application of Legislation in the Field of Prevention of Corruption in Martial Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2381-20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VIAN, Taryn; AGNEW, Brianna; MCINNES, Keith. 2022. “Whistleblowing as an Anti-Corruption Strategy in Health and Pharmaceutical Organizations in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Scoping Review” In: Glob Health Action. Vol. 15, No. 1. Available online. In: Available online. In: Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
ADAM, Isabelle; FAZEKAS, Mihaly. 2021. “Are Emerging Technologies Helping Win the Fight Against Corruption? A Review of the State of Evidence” In: Information Economics and Policy. Vol. 57, 100950.
ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY. 2022. National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the Consequences of War. Project of the Recovery Plan of Ukraine. Materials of the working group “Anti-corruption policy”. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/storage/app/sites/1/recoveryrada/ua/anti-corruption-policy.pdf. Consultation date: 22/12/2022.
ARMSTRONG, Martin. 2022. Is Corruption Widespread in the EU?. Available online. In: https://www.statista.com/chart/28953/eu-corruption-perceptions/. Consultation date: 22/12/2022.
BERENDT, Bettina; SCHIFFNER, Stefa. 2022. “Whistleblower Protection in the Digital Age - Why ‘Anonymous’ is Not Enough” In: The International Review of Information Ethics, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 01-16.
CESCHEL, Federico; HINNA, Alessandro; HOMBERG, Fabian. 2022. “Public Sector Strategies in Curbing Corruption: A Review of the Literature” In: Public Organization Review. Vol. 22, pp. 571-591.
DURI, Jorum. 2021. Corruption and Economic Crime. Transparency International Anti-corruption Helpdesk. Available online. In: https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/kproducts/2021- Corruption-and-economic-crime_final.pdf. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on the Protection of Persons who Report Breaches of Union law. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L1937. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
FINLEX. 2022. Finnish Act on the Protection of Persons Reporting Violations of European Union and National Law № 1171/2022. Available online. In: https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2022/20221171. Consultation date: 22/12/2022.
FINNISH GOVERNMENT. 2020. Government Tackles the Grey Economy with a Comprehensive Action Plan. Press release.. Available online. In: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/1410877/hallitus-torjuu-harmaata-taloutta-laajalla-toimenpideohjelmalla. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
HALAI, Andrii; HALAI, Viktoriia; HRECHANIUK, Roksolana; DATSKO, Kateryna. 2021. “Digital Anti-Corruption Tools and Their Implementation in Various Legal Systems Around the World” In: SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 100, No. 03005.
HUTER, Mathias; SCATURRO, Ruggero. 2021. UNCAC in a Nutshell 2021. A Quick Guide to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption for Donor Agency and Embassy Staf. U4 Guide 2021:1. Available online. In: https://uncaccoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/UNCAC-in-a- Nutshell-2021.pdf. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
IWASAKI, Masaki. 2023. “Whistleblowers as Defenders of Human Rights: The Whistleblower Protection Act in Japan.” In: Business and Human Rights Journal. Pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2022.41. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
KOLOMOETS, T; KUSHNIR, S; KREMOVA, D. 2022. “Target Gift Restriction - An Amendment to the National Anti-corruption Legislation of Ukraine During the Period of the Legal Regime of Martial Law” In: Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. Vol. 8, pp. 29-46.
KOPOTUN, Ihor (Ed). 2023. Scientific and practical commentary on the Criminal Code of Ukraine. As of January 1, 2022. Publishing house “Professional”, Kyiv. Available online. In: https://jurkniga.ua/contents/naukovo-praktichniy-komentar-kriminalnogo-kodeksu-ukrayini.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
LUNA-PLA, Issa; NICOLÁS-CARLOCK, Jose. 2020. “Corruption and Complexity: A Scientific Framework for the Analysis of Corruption Networks” In: Applied Network Science. Vol. 5, No. 13, pp. 01-18.
MA, Jiazheng; GUO, Bin; YU, Yanghang. 2022. “Perception of Official Corruption, Satisfaction With Government Performance, and Subjective Wellbeing—An Empirical Study From China” In: Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 13. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2022.748704. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
MATORERA, Douglas. 2022. “Corruption: Drivers, Modes and Consequences” In: Corruption - New Insights [Working Title], IntechOpen. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106826. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
MINISTRYOFECONOMICAFFAIRSANDEMPLOYMENTOFFINLAND.2020. Anti-corruption Guide. MEAE Guides and Other Publications 2020:2b ENG. ISSN 2342–7922 (electronic publications). Available online. In: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/162227/MEAE_guidelines_2b_2020_ENG_Anti_corruption_guide_for_ SMES_07052020.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
NABU. 2023. Report: Second Half of 2022. [in Ukrainian]. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/maket_zvitu_dlya_ saytu_0.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
NATIONAL AGENCY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2023. The Unified State Register of Persons Who Have Committed Acts of Corruption or Related to Corruption [in Ukrainian]. Available online. In: https://corruptinfo.nazk.gov.ua/. Consultation date: 15/02/2023.
NIKITENKO, Vìtalina; VORONKOVA, Valentyna; OLEKSENKO, Roman; FILORETOVA, Larysa; LANOVIUK, Liudmyla; KHVIST, Viktoriia. 2023. “Perspectives of Civilizational Political Development of World Regions in the Context of Current Challenges and Opportunities” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 41, No. 76, pp. 274-291.
PETKOV, Sergey (Ed). 2020. Scientific and practical commentary on the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses. Yurinko Inter. Kyiv, Ukraine.
PROKOPENKO, Olha; KURBATOVA, Tetiana; KHALILOVA, Marina; ZERKAL, Anastasiia; PRAUSE, Gunnar; BINDA, Jacek; BERDIYOROV, Temur; KLAPKIV, Yuriy; SANETRA-PÓŁGRABI, Sabina; KOMARNITSKYI, Igor. 2023. “Impact of Investments and R&D Costs in Renewable Energy Technologies on Companies’ Profitability Indicators: Assessment and Forecast” In: Energies. Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 01-18.
RETSINFORMATION. 2021. Lov om Beskyttelse af Whistleblowere Act No. 1436 of 29 Jun 2021 [IN DANISH]. Available online. In: https://www. retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2021/1436. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
SHYLO, S. 2022. “Peculiarities of the Application of Legislation on the Prevention of Corruption Under martIal Law” In: Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University. Series: Law. Vol. 2, No. 74.
SOLOVYOVA, O. M. 2022. “Principles of Administrative Responsibility and Problems of Their Practical Implementation” In: Legal Scientific Electronic Journal. Vol. 9, pp. 325-339.
TOPCHII, Vasyl; ZADEREIKO, Svitlana; DIDKIVSKA, Galyna; BODUNOVA, Olesia; SHEVCHENKO, Dmytro. 2021. “International Anti-corruption Standards” In: Baltic Journal of Economic Studies. Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 277- 286.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. 2022. Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). Available online. In: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022. Consultation date: 22/12/2022.
TREPAK, Viktor. 2020. Theoretical and Applied Problems of Preventing and Countering Corruption in Ukraine. Dissertation for the Doctor of Law degree. Ivan Franko Lviv National University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Institute of State and Law named after V. M. Koretsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Available online. In: http://idpnan.org.ua/files/2020/trepak-v.m.-teoretiko- prikladni-problemi-zapobigannya-ta-protidiyi-koruptsiyi-v-ukrayini. pdf. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA Of UKRAINE. 1984. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses dated 07 December 1984 No. 8073-X. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/80731-10#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of 5 April 2001, No. 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021. Law of Ukraine dated 1 June 2021, No. 1502-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” Regarding Regulation of Certain Issues of Whistleblower Protection. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/1502-20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022a. Law of Ukraine of 20 June 2022, No. 2322-IX On the Principles of State Anti-corruption Policy for 2021– 2025. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2322- 20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022b. Law of Ukraine of 8 July 2022, No. 2381-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” Regarding the Specifics of the Application of Legislation in the Field of Prevention of Corruption in Martial Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2381-20#Text. Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
VIAN, Taryn; AGNEW, Brianna; MCINNES, Keith. 2022. “Whistleblowing as an Anti-Corruption Strategy in Health and Pharmaceutical Organizations in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Scoping Review” In: Glob Health Action. Vol. 15, No. 1. Available online. In: Available online. In: Consultation date: 05/12/2022.
Publicado
2023-05-10
Cómo citar
Petkov, S., Bortniak, V., Savranchuk, L., Vitiuk , D., & Turchyn-Kukarina, I. (2023). Prevention of corruption offenses by public officials: Experience from European Union countries: Prevención de delitos de corrupción por parte de funcionarios: Experiencia de países de la Unión Europea. Cuestiones Políticas, 41(77), 352-368. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4177.24
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Derecho Público
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