Expropriation and other forms of reparation in terms of compensation for damage caused as a result of war crimes: International legal experience

Expropiación y otras formas de reparación en términos de compensación por daños causados como consecuencia de crímenes de guerra: Experiencia jurídica internacional

• Liydmyla Panova Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-8626
• Ernest Gramatskyy Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-2888
• Dmytro Baranenko Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9626-9607
• Dmytro Sichko Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolayiv, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7872-9120
• Oleksiy Ulianov Odesa State University of Internal Affairs, Odesa, Ukraine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3397-0965

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4178.49

Keywords: expropriations, reparations, compensation, international liability, war crime

Abstract

As a result of international armed conflicts, questions always arise about the payment of post-war reparations. Although the process of reparation for damages caused as a result of war crimes, in most cases, begins only after the end of such a conflict, its duration and effectiveness depend on the preliminary analysis and choice of an existing reparation or development of a new model. The purpose of the work was the analysis of existing mechanisms for the payment of post-war reparations, and the search for the most effective models of compensation for Ukraine by Russia for the damage caused as a result of military aggression and the commission of international crimes. The dialectical, systemic-structural, historical, comparative, logical-formal, comparative-legal and systemic-functional methods were used. In the results, the legal nature and historical mechanisms of reparation of damage are explained, as well as problematic issues of this institution of the law of international liability are outlined. In the conclusions, different mechanisms of reparation that can be used by the State and those available to individuals, victims of violations of international crimes committed on their territory and mixed models are considered.

References

EMERSON, Michael; BLOCKMANS, Steven. 2022. The $300 Billion Question: how to get Russia to pay for Ukraine’s reconstruction. CEPS. Available online. In: https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/the-300-billion-question/. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2022. Ukraine: The Commission proposes rules on freezing and confiscating assets of oligarchs violating restrictive measures and of criminals. Available online. In: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_3264. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

FELDMAN, Llily. 2019. The September 1952 Reparations Agreement between West Germany and Israel: The Beginning of a Remarkable Friendship. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Available online. In: https://hmn.wiki/uk/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_ and_West_Germany#cite_note-honig-2. Consultation date: 12/03/23.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 1998. The Rome Statute. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf. Consultation date: 14/03/2023.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION. 2008. Property restitution and compensation. Practices and experiences of claims programs. Available online. In: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/property_restitution_compensation.pdf. Consultation date: 01/03/2023.

KHUTOR, Tetiana. 2022. The law on the confiscation of property of Russians and Belarusians has been adopted: how will it work. Economic Truth website. Available online. In: https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2022/05/12/686976/. Consultation date: 16/03/2023.

KOSHMAN, Andrii. 2022. Overview of national and international mechanisms for the protection of property rights violated by the aggression of the Russian Federation. Kyiv: Pravo-Justice. Available online. In: https:// pravojustice.eu/storage/app/media/Report%20PJ%20Template.pdf. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

KYIV SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS. 2022. As of November 2022, the total amount of damage caused to the infrastructure of Ukraine is almost $136 billion. Available online. In: https://kse.ua/ua/about-the-school/news/ na-listopad-2022-roku-zagalna-suma-zbitkiv-zavdana-infrastructuri-ukrayini-skladaye-mayzhe-136-mlrd/?fbclid=IwAR21X-ebeUaD-8jEk_ GHnV25GnTLJqK2imxevs-bEp02E3Sp86b8eswmHxQ. Consultation date: 17/03/23.704

LAW OF UKRAINE. 2022. 2116-IX, On the main principles of forced seizure in Ukraine of objects of property rights of the Russian Federation and its residents. Bulletin of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2116-20#Text. Consultation date: 04/03/23.

LAWDER, David. 2022. Yellen: Not legal for U.S. to seize Russian official assets. Available online. In: https://www.reuters.com/world/yellen-not-legal-us-government-seize-russian-central-bank-assets-2022-05- 18/?fbclid=IwAR2nbCc1cu7-6YgyG0CmUWjq_CsMvKRh3VMpAaLj_ LMOl7RXz7v8mMAQksI. Consultation date: 13/03/23.

PAVLOVSKA, Yuliia. 2022. Poland’s reparations from Germany: five arguments, how it will help Ukraine. News site LIVE. Available online. In: https://world.novyny.live/reparatsii-polshi-ot-germanii-piat-argumentov-kak-eto-pomozhet-ukraine-55968.html. Consultation date: 22/03/23.

RASHEVSKA, Kateryna. 2022a. From peace by a thread: how Ukraine can collect reparations from the Russian Federation (court block). Lexinform website. Available online. In: https://lexinform.com.ua/dumka-eksperta/z-myru-po-nyttsi-yak-ukrayina-mozhe-styagnuty-z-rf-reparatsiyi-sudovyj-blok/. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

RASHEVSKA, Kateryna. 2022b. Reparations Payment Models and Mechanisms: International Experience and Ideas for Ukraine. Available online. In: http://www.baltijapublishing.lv/omp/index.php/bp/catalog/download/237/6348/13384-1. Consultation date: 11/03/23.

SHAPOVALOVA, Khristina. 2023. The International Registry of Damages – a step towards the payment of reparations. Ukrainian truth site. Available online. In: https://www.epravda.com.ua/columns/2023/02/28/697502/. Consultation date: 17/03/23.

SHULYAK, Olena. 2022. Evaluation of objects destroyed and damaged as a result of military aggression: how it will take place. Website of the Judicial and Legal Gazette. Available online. In: https://sud.ua/ru/news/publication/240258-otsinka-obyektiv-znischenikh-i-poshkodzhenikh-vnaslidok-viyskovoyi-agresiyi-yak-vona-bude-vidbuvatisya. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

STUPNYK, Iaroslav; LISITSYNA, Yuliya; AVRAMENKO, Oleksiy; ABAKINA- PILIAVSKA, Liudmyla; KHYLCHENKO, Anastasiia. 2022. The international criminal court and the un criminal court in resolving war crimes: Legal realities and future prospects. Available online. In: https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/2224/3122. Consultation date: 14/03/2023.705

SUDACHEK, Daryna. 2022. Post-war reconstruction of Germany. Dniester Center website. Available online. In: https://dc.org.ua/news/reconstruction-germany. Consultation date: 19/03/23.

TKALYCH, Maxym; ARBELÁEZ-ENCARNACIÓN, Tanya Fernanda. 2022. The world in 2023: continuing uncertainty. Available online. In: https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/2186/3064. Consultation date: 23/03/23.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES. 1919. Paris: Librairie Militare Berger-Levrault. Available online. In: https://www.herodote.net/Textes/tVersailles1919.pdf. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

UKRAINIAN ENERGY WEBSITE. 2023. Payback is inevitable: the world is working on financing schemes for the reconstruction of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://ua-energy.org/uk/posts/rozplata-nemynucha-svit-pratsiuie-nad-skhemamy-finansuvannia-vidnovlennia-ukrainy. Consultation date: 10/03/23.

UNATED NATION. 1945. Charter. Available online. In: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/UN%20Charter_Ukrainian.pdf. Consultation date: 15/03/2023.

USAID. 2022. International experience of reparations. Rada site: the next generation. Available online. In: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZKWZ.pdf. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

VOLYANSKA, Olena. 2022. Compensation for damages caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation: we act step by step. LCF website. Available online. In: https://lcf.ua/thought-leadership/bankruptcy-and-restructuring/vidshkoduvannya-zbitkiv-zavdanih-zbrojnoyu-agresiyeyu-rf-diyemo-pokrokovo/. Consultation date: 03/03/23.

WEBSITE OF THE INTERNATIONAL RENAISSANCE FOUNDATION. 2022. Monitoring of initiatives regarding the confiscation of Russian assets for the reconstruction of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://dixigroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2022_12_ruassetswatch_ dixigroup.pdf. Consultation date: 02/03/23.