Transformation of the legal system in a time of war: international, administrative, and criminal aspects
Transformación del sistema jurídico en tiempos de guerra: aspectos internacionales, administrativos y penales
Keywords:
international humanitarian law, wartime hostilities, international organizations, transformation of the legal system, war crimes
Abstract
The authors of the article discuss international humanitarian law (IHL) as a normative mechanism for the protection and defense of victims of armed conflicts. The problems of IHL due to the loss of effectiveness of international legal regulation are pointed out. The aim of the article is a broad theoretical-legal and international-practical analysis of the transformations of the legal system under conditions of war. The basis of this scientific search was a system of methodology, which includes a complex of three levels of philosophical, general scientific and specifically scientific methods and a group of approaches, conditioned by the subject of the research. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the current system of international legal regulation has significant drawbacks. The most significant of them is the declarative character of the rules, caused by the absence of an effective system of accountability and the failure to update the doctrine of IHL rules in the light of new challenges and transformations of the political and social reality. In addition, the analysis of the organizational and administrative problems of the regulation of the law of war indicated that the institutional guarantees in a military conflict also need revision.
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References
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CANTON, Helen. 2021. International Committee of the Red Cross-ICRC. In: The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021. Routledge. London, UK.
CHIN, Warren. 2019. “Technology, war and the state: past, present and future” In: International Affairs. Vol. 95, No. 4, pp. 765-783.
FILIPEC, Ondřej. 2019. “Hybrid Warfare: Between Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism” In: Central European Journal of Politics” Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 52-70.
FILLOL MAZO, Adriana. 2020. “The Protection of Access to Food for Civilians under International Humanitarian Law: Acts Constituting War Crimes” In: The Age of Human Rights Journal. No. 14, pp. 181-209.
FLECK, Dieter. 2021. The handbook of international humanitarian law. Ebook. Available online. In: https://global.oup.com/academic/ product/the-handbook-of-international-humanitarian-law- 9780198847960?cc=cz&lang=en&. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
GILDER, Alexander. 2019. “The Effect of ‘Stabilization’ in the Mandates and Practice of UN Peace Operations” In: Netherlands International Law Review. Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 47-73.
GORE, Kiran Nasir; CAMP, Charles; CHU, Lilia. 2022 “Nation States Must Comply With Their Responsibility to Protect Ukraine Against the Russian Federation’s Ongoing War Crimes. In: The World Financial Review. Available online. In: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4049096 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
HENDERSON, Ian; REECE, Kate. 2018. “Proportionality under International Humanitarian Law (IHL): The Reasonable Military Commanderr Standard and Reverberating Effects” In: SSRN Electronic Journal. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3108324. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
HRUSHKO, Malvina. 2016. Formation and specifics of the international legal regime of prisoners of war. Phoenix. Odesa, Ukraine.
KEMMERLING, Birgit; SCHETTER, Conrad; WIRKUS, Lars. 2022. “The logics of war and food (in)security” In: Global Food Security. Vol. 33, p. 100634. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100634. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
KONONENKO, Nataliia; PATSKAN, Valeriy; HROMOVA, Maryna; UTKINA, Halyna; SEREBRO, Mykhailo. 2022. “International Guidelines for Managing Investigation and Collection of Evidence of War Crimes” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40 No. 72, pp. 670-89.
KOVALCHUK, Vitaliy; ZHAROVSKA, Iryna; MYKIEVYCH, Mykhailo; HRUSHKO, Malvina; HRABYNSKYI, Mykhailo. 2022. “Transformation challenges for the international humanitarian law system: migration crisis as the latest tool of hybrid warfare (A vision from Ukraine)” In: Journal UNISCI. No. 59, pp. 129-144.
LONGOBARDO, Marco. 2019. “The relevance of the concept of due diligence for international humanitarian law” In: Wis. Int’l LJ. Vol. 37, pp. 47-87.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2022. On imposition of martial law in Ukraine: Presidential Decree of 24.02.2022. № 64/2022. https://www.president. gov. ua/documents/642022-41397 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
PUBLIC APPEAL TO ICRC. 2022. Public Appeal to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) from the Ukrainian Civil Society 26 March 2022. Available online. In: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeUxOgv-jGT9uNPSonsxemaE1KYrasca-a6lEFFmPc7MzLJCg/viewform?fbclid=IwAR3q0rexr7HtLa7on5rCvCZH9gJtPOTpviWt5f_9af6xqvPNld_ nlCvUGM. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
REKOTOV, Petro; NIKITENKO, Viktor; KORSHYKOVA, Tetiana; ZHEREBKO, Oleksandr; SAMOILENKO, Ihor. 2022. “Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the individual in a hybrid war” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No. 73, pp. 901-918.
SASSO`LI, Marco. 2019. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Publ. by Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Available online. In: https://internationalreview.icrc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/1590391258/irc101_2/S1816383119000596a. pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
SOLIS, Gary. 2021. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge University Press. Available online. In: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/70887/excerpt/9780521870887_excerpt.pdf Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
STATE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION. 2022. “State Bureau of Investigation reports on active work to identify traitors of Ukraine and bring them to justice”. Available online. In: https://dbr.gov.ua/news/dbr-zvitue-pro-aktivnu-robotu-shhodo-viyavlennya-zradnikiv-ukraini-ta-prityagnennya-ih-do-vidpovidalnosti-video. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
STENGEL, Frank. 2021. “Response to Wolfgang Wagner’s Review of The Politics of Military Force: Antimilitarism, Ideational Change, and Post-Cold War German Security Discourse”. In: Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 943-944.
THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2022. World Food Situation. FAO Food Price Index. Available online. In: https://www. fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ Consultation date: 10/04/2022.
THE GUARDIAN. 2022. “Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN”. Available online. In: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2022/may/19/ukraine-war-has-stoked-global-food-crisis- that-could-last-years-says-un. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2007. "Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. Rep. 43, 430 (Feb. 26)”. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/ case-related/91/091-19960711-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2010. “Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, 2010 I.C.J. Rep. 14, 197 (Apr. 20)”. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/135-20100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
TURNS, David. 2018. “The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)” In: International Law. Oxford University Press. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198791836.003.0027. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UKRAINE WAR: ROCKETS HIT KYIV AS UN CHIEF ADMITS FAILINGS. 2022. “UN secretary general says Security Council failed on Ukraine ВВС”. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- europe-61265635. Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
UN SECURITY COUNCIL. 2022. “Michelle at the UN Security Council: this is a barbaric war started by a permanent member of this Council”. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/tag/4687_radbez_oon. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
UNHCR. 2022. “The Operational Data Portal”. Available online. In: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2015. “On the legal regime of martial law: the Law of Ukraine of 12.05.2015. № 389-VIII.” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389- 19#Text. Consultation date: 06/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022a. “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine on Strengthening Responsibility for Looting: Law of Ukraine of 03.03.2022 № 2117-IX” Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2117-20#Text. Consultation date: 07/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022b. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Criminal Liability for Collaborative Activity: The Law of Ukraine of 03.03.2022 № 2108-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2108-20#n12. Consultation date: 08/07/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022с. “On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine to Improve Liability for Collaboration Activities and Specifics of the Application of Measures for Committing Crimes against the Fundamentals of National and Public Security: Law of Ukraine of 14.04.2022 № 2198-IX”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2198-20#n8 Consultation date: 10/07/2022.
Published
2022-12-29
How to Cite
Hretsa, S., Tykhomyrov, D., Olashyn , M., Rudanetska, O., & Bogoniuk, H. (2022). Transformation of the legal system in a time of war: international, administrative, and criminal aspects: Transformación del sistema jurídico en tiempos de guerra: aspectos internacionales, administrativos y penales. Political Questions, 40(75), 879-900. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.53
Section
Derecho Público
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