Guaranteeing the Exercise of the Right to Medical Care of Prisoners of War in the Context of International Protection
Garantía del ejercicio del derecho a la atención médica de los prisioneros de guerra en el contexto de la protección internacional
Keywords:
military service, Armed Forces of Ukraine, prisoners of war, medical care, international humanitarian law
Abstract
The aim of the article is to study the Ukrainian and international legal framework with respect to the exercise of the right of prisoners of war to medical care and, likewise, to determine the measures to ensure it. The following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis, graphical methods and logical-abstract method. The distinction of this study is the systematization of the legislative framework and non-legal measures concerning the exercise of the right of prisoners of war to medical care. In the course of the research, it was established that a number of Ukrainian and international legislative acts regulate the rules of treatment of prisoners of war, including the Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. The findings of the investigation established that Russian occupiers regularly violate these provisions in relation to captured Ukrainians. However, the mechanisms for bringing war criminals to justice and the methods for assisting Ukrainian POWs are imperfect. The optimal way to help prisoners of war is exchange, but its procedure is also imperfect and communication with the enemy is complicated.
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References
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VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1949. Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/995_153#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2015. On the legal regime of the martial law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389- 19#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022. On the approval of the Procedure for keeping prisoners of war. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/413-2022-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
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YAKOVLIEV, Vitalii. 2022. “Nazi war crimes in Kharkiv region (1941–1943): according to the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission” In: Chronicle of Volyn. All-Ukrainian scientific journal. Vol. 26, pp. 178-185.
ARMAN, Jemma; HENCKAERTS, Jean-Marie; HIEMSTRA, Heleen; KROTIUK, Kvitoslava. 2020. “The updated ICRC Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention: A new tool to protect prisoners of war in the twenty-first century” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 102, No. 913, pp. 389-416.
CHU, Jonathan A. 2019. “A clash of norms? How reciprocity and international humanitarian law affect American opinion on the treatment of POWs” In: Journal of conflict resolution. Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 1140-1164.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2019. Rule 39 requests granted and refused in 2017, 2018 and 2019 by respondent State. European Court of Human Rights. Available online. In: https://echr.coe.int/Documents/ Stats_art_39_01_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 12/07/2021.
FEDORENKO, Vladyslav; YUKHYMIUK, Olha; ADLER, Oleksandr. 2022. “Violation of fundamental human rights as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022 and the mechanisms of bringing war criminals to legal responsibility” In: Expert: paradigms of legal sciences and public administration. Vol. 2, No. 20, pp. 32-59.
FUTORIANSKA, Kateryna. 2020. “Rule 39 of the Rules of the European Court of Human Rights in Cases with Ukrainian Involvement.” In: Legal scientific electronic journal, Vol. 5, pp. 220-223. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.32782/2524-0374/2020-5/53. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
HUFFMAN, Stephen P. 2018. “International Humanitarian Law in 21st Century Conflict: A Historical Examination of the Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1949), and its Applicability in Future War. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth KS. Available online. In: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/ citations/AD1084349. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
HURIN, Anastasia. 2022. “If the priority is to return each of our heroes, then we will have to give in to the punishment of war criminals - the deputy minister of justice.” ZN.UA. Available online. In: https://zn.ua/ukr/ UKRAINE/v-ministerstvi-justitsiji-pojasnili-jak-sudovi-protsesi-nad- rosijskimi-vijskovopolonenimi-vplivajut-na-obmin.html. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
KALLBERG, Jan. 2022. “A Troubling Silence on Prisoners of War.” In: Center for European Policy Analysis (Washington, DC). Available online. In: https://cepa.org/article/a-troubling-silence-on-prisoners-of-war. Consultation date: 10/08/2022.
KHOBBI, Yuliya; STOROZHUK, Iryna; SVOBODA, Ivo; KUZMENKO, Serhii; TYMCHYSHYN, Andriy. 2022. “Reforming Techniques to Combat Organized Crime in the Context in View of Securing Human Rights and Freedoms” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No.73, pp. 192-214.
KOROHODSKYI, YURII. 2022. None of the Ukrainian prisoners saw representatives of the Red Cross, - Lubinets. LB.ua. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/society/2022/09/24/530452_zhoden_z_ukrainskih_ polonenih.html. Consultation date: 10/08/2022.
KOROHODSKYI, YURII. 2022a. The condition of our discharged soldiers is shocking, - Azov patronage service. Available online. In: https:// lb.ua/society/2022/09/24/530468_stan_zvilnenih_viyskovih.html. Consultation date: 03/08/2022.
KOROHODSKYI, YURII. 2022b. About 2,500 Ukrainians are still held captive by the occupiers, - Vereshchuk. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/ society/2022/09/25/530547_poloni_okupantiv_shche_blizko_25_tis. html. Consultation date: 03/08/2022.
KUZNETSOV, Vitaliy; SYIPLOKI, Mykola. 2022. “Prospects of Criminal Legal Support for the Exchange of Prisoners of War” In: Legal scientific electronic journal. Vol. 6, pp. 185-188.
LB.ua. 2022. Stronger than steel. 188 defenders of Azovstal have been released from captivity, the operation is ongoing. Available online. In: https:// lb.ua/society/2022/09/22/530261_mitsnishi_stal_188_zahisnikiv. html. Consultation date: 22/09/2022.
LEON, David; JDANOV, Dmitri; GERRY, Christopher; GRIGORIEV, Pavel; JASILIONISEF, Domantas; MCKEE, Martin; FRANCE, Meslé; PENINA, Olga; TWIGG, Judyth; VALLIN, Jacques; VÅGERÖ, Denny. 2022. “The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its public health consequences” In: The Lancet Regional Health-Europe. Vol. 15, pp. 1-2.
LIEBRENZ, Michael; BHUGRA, Dinesh; BUADZE, Anna; SCHLEIFER, Roman; SMITH, Alexander; VAN VOREN, Robert. 2022. “Mental health and welfare of prisoners of war and people living in detention in the Ukrainian conflict.” In: The Lancet Psychiatry. Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 344-345.
MALETOV, Dmytro. 2022. “The exchange of prisoners of war as a basis for release from serving a sentence”. In: Harmonization of the legislation of Ukraine with the law of the European Union, pp. 151-154. Available online. In: https://pravo.khmnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/ zbirnyk_2022.pdf#page=152. Consultation date: 10/08/2022.
MEDIA INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. 2022. In inhuman conditions without a relief mechanism: how to protect the rights of soldiers in captivity. Available online. In: https://mipl.org.ua/u-nelyudskix- umovax-bez-mexanizmu-dopomogi-yak-zaxistiti-prava-vijskovix-u- poloni/. Consultation date: 10/08/2022.
MERNYK, Anastasiia. 2022. Violation of the laws and customs of war by the armed forces of the Russian Federation in Kharkiv during the Russian- Ukrainian war region in February-March 2022 (historical aspect). Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”. Available inline. In: https://doi. org/10.30525/978-9934-26-223-4-152. Consultation date: 10/08/2022.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE. 2022. The Ministry of Health continues cooperation with the international organization “Doctors Without Borders”, Viktor Lyashko. Available online. In: https://www. kmu.gov.ua/news/moz-prodovzhuie-spivpratsiu-z-mizhnarodnoiu- orhanizatsiieiu-likari-bez-kordoniv-viktor-liashko. Consultation date: 20/08/2022.
OMBUDSMAN.GOV.UA. 2022. Authorized: The Russian Federation is torturing Ukrainian prisoners of war. Available online. In: https:// ombudsman.gov.ua/news_details/upovnovazhenij-rosijska-federaciya- katuye-ukrayinskih-vijskovopolonenih. Consultation date: 20/08/2022.
OMBUDSMAN.GOV.UA. 2022. Statement of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine regarding the torture and killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war. Available online. In: https://ombudsman. gov.ua/news_details/zayava-upovnovazhenogo-verhovnoyi-radi- ukrayini-z-prav-lyudini-shchodo-katuvan-ta-vbivstva-ukrayinskih- vijskovopolonenih. Consultation date: 20/08/2022.
PERUN, Vira. 2022. Ukraine is negotiating with the Russian Federation on the exchange of prisoners according to the formula “all for all”, - Budanov. LB.ua. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/society/2022/09/28/530887_ ukraina_vede_peregovori_z_rf_pro_obmin.html. Consultation date: 20/08/2022.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 1996. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/constitution. Consultation date: 10/05/2022.
SHCHYHELSKA, Halyna; PERETS, Nadia. 2022. “Russian War Crimes Against Civilians in the Kyiv Region” In: Collection of theses of the International Scientific Conference “Military conflicts and man-made disasters: historical and psychological consequences.” Available online. In: http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/bitstream/lib/37887/2/MCTD_2022_ Shchyhelska_H-Russian_war_crimes_against_67-69.pdf. Consultation date: 10/08/2022
SVOBODA, Ivo; EPEL, Oksana; SULEIMANOVA, Susanna; IEVENKO, Dmytro; KOVALOVA, Olha. 2022. “The role of the international institutions in the protection of human rights and freedoms in the sphere of national security.” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 40, No.74, pp. 565-584.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1949. Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/995_153#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2015. On the legal regime of the martial law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389- 19#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022. On the approval of the Procedure for keeping prisoners of war. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/413-2022-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2022a. On the imposition of martial law in Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/64/2022#n2. Consultation date: 12/05/2022.
YAKOVLIEV, Vitalii. 2022. “Nazi war crimes in Kharkiv region (1941–1943): according to the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission” In: Chronicle of Volyn. All-Ukrainian scientific journal. Vol. 26, pp. 178-185.
Published
2022-12-29
How to Cite
Puzyrov, M., Krupko, Y., Mytska, O., Yermak, O., & Sikun, A. (2022). Guaranteeing the Exercise of the Right to Medical Care of Prisoners of War in the Context of International Protection: Garantía del ejercicio del derecho a la atención médica de los prisioneros de guerra en el contexto de la protección internacional. Political Questions, 40(75), 717-740. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.43
Section
Derecho Público
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