Ukraine’s security and Pakistan’s security: mechanisms to overcome threats
La seguridad de Ucrania y la seguridad de Pakistán: mecanismos para superar las amenazas
Palabras clave:
seguridad de Ucrania y Pakistán, amenazas a la seguridad, relaciones entre Ucrania y Rusia, relaciones entre Pakistán e India, política internacional
Resumen
La esfera de la seguridad juega un papel importante en la política interior y exterior de los Estados. En este sentido, el objeto del estudio fueron las amenazas a la seguridad que determinan la estabilidad en Ucrania y Pakistán. Los autores utilizaron el método de análisis comparativo para establecer paralelismos entre la seguridad de Ucrania y Pakistán e identificar posibles formas de mejorarla. Se concluye que, aunque Ucrania como Pakistán están bastante distantes geopolíticamente, tienen historias y procesos de construcción del Estado diferentes, se ven afectados por amenazas de seguridad tradicionales y “no tradicionales”. Definitivamente, el principal factor unificador de los Estados es el estado antagonista o “enemigo”: India para Pakistán y Rusia para Ucrania, que se convierte en un catalizador para la formación de la identidad nacional y la unidad de la sociedad. Los conflictos en Pakistán (Cachemira, Beluchistán y Pastunistán) y Ucrania (guerra en Donbass, anexión ilegal de Crimea por parte de la Federación Rusa) han tenido consecuencias comunes y mecanismos para superarlos, que se implementan en el contexto de la política interna y estatal de tanto en Kiev como en Islamabad.
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ADIL SULTAN, Muhammad. 2020. “India-Pakistan Crises and the Evolving Dyadic Deterrence Model”. In: IPRI Journal XX, No. 1, pp. 21-43.
BRATERSKIY, Maksim. 2003. “Second Wave” Nuclear States: India and Pakistan”. In: Obozrevatel-Observer. No. 3. Available online. In: http:// old.nasledie.ru/oboz/03_03/3_06.htm. Consultation date: 15/12/2021.
BUZAN, Barry. 1983. People, States and Fear. The National Security Problem in International Relations. Brighton, United Kingdom.
BUZAN, Barry. 1991. “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century” In: International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1944-). Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 431-451.
DAWN. 2006. UK declares BLA terrorist organization. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/201997. Consultation date: 10/02/2022.
DAWN. 2019. PM Imran calls on Pakistanis to partake in Kashmir Hour today to send message of solidarity. Available online. In: https://www.dawn. com/news/1502386. Consultation date: 25/05/2022.
ESPRESO. 2014. Yatsenyuk: Ukraine has paid its debts for gas recognized by the government. Available online. In: https://espreso.tv/news/2014/05/30/ukrayina_splaty_rosiyi_vyznani_uryadom_borhy_ za_haz. Consultation date: 24/01/2022.
FIERTZ, Natalie. 2021. Fragile State Index Annual Report 2021. Available online. In: https://fragilestatesindex.org/2021/05/20/fragile-states- index-2021-annual-report/. Consultation date: 15/05/2022.
GLOBAL FIREPOWER INDEX. 2022. Military Strength Ranking. 2022. Available online. In: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
GRARE, Frederic. 2013. “Belochistan. The state versus the nation”. In: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available online. In: https:// carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/11/balochistan-state-versus-nation- pub-51488. Consultation date: 20/01/2022.
HAQQANI, Husain. 2014. State of Delusion. Available online. In: http://www.hudson.org/research/10885-state-of-delusion. Consultation date: 18/02/2022.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2018. “Role of India in the Process of Formation of the South Asia Security System at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 2, No. 4 (24), pp. 132-137.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019a. “Pakistan’s Role in International Relations at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 177-187.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019b. Peculiar Features of the Historical Development of Pakistan Statehood. Eminak. Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 122-132.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” In: Foreign Affairs. Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 22-49.
IPRESSA.UA. 2017. Russia finances terrorists «LNR», sums – billions, – SBU. Available online. In: http://ipress.ua/news/rosiya_finansuie_ terorystiv_lnr_sumymilyardysbu_200980.html. Consultation date: 18/04/2022.
KHAN, Imran. 2019. The World Can’t Ignore Kashmir. We Are All in Danger. In: The New York Times. Available online. In: https://www.nytimes. com/2019/08/30/opinion/imran-khan-kashmir-pakistan.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2022.
KOTLYAR, Yuri; LYMAR, Marharyta; TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2020. “Pakistan- Ukraine: Analogies in the Triangles of Regional Security Complexes” In: Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale. No. 56, pp. 219-244.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2014. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 405/2014, On the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On Urgent Measures to Overcome the Terrorist Threat and Preserve the Territorial Integrity of Ukraine”. Database «Legislation of Ukraine» / Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Available online. In: http://zakon5.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/405/2014. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY FOR REINTEGRATION. 2022. The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine has exceeded 8 million people: from where and where the most went. Available online. In: https://www.minre. gov.ua/news/kilkist-vnutrishno-peremishchenyh-osib-vpo-v-ukrayini- perevyshchyla-8-mln-lyudey-zvidky-y-kudy. Consultation date: 2/06/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2020. Foreign Ministry Statement on Russia violating Ukrainian citizens’ right to freedom of movement from temporarily occupied. Available online. In: https:// mfa.gov.ua/en/news/foreign-ministry-statement-russia-violating- ukrainian-citizens-right-freedom-movement-temporarily-occupied- crimea. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MOORE, Mike. 1993. “Eating grass” In: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 5, No. 49, p. 2.
MUJTABA, Haji. 2014. Pakistan army launches big operation after airport attack. In: Reuters. Available online. In: https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-pakistan-airstrikes-idUSKBN0EQ0F720140615. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
NAPANG, Marthen; NURHASANAH, Siti; ROHMAN, Syaiful. 2019. “India- Pakistan Dispute on Kashmir: Pakistan’s Allegiance in the Effortsof ‘War on Terrorism’ of the United States after the WTC 9/11 Attack” In: Journal of Terrorism Studies. Vol. 1, No. 2, Article 3.
NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OF PAKISTAN 2022-2026. 2022. Available online. In: https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ NSP.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
PAKISTAN 2025. ONE NATION – ONE VISION. 2014. Available online. In: https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Pakistan%20 2025-%20One%20Nation%20-%20One%20Vision.pdf. Consultation date: 18/05/2022.
PAKISTAN IN THE 21ST CENTURY: VISION 2030. 2007. Islamabad, Pakistan.
PATRATIY, Nadiya. 2011. “Regional identity as an informal institution in the process of constructing a security complex” In: Ukrainian Scientific Journal «Osvіta regіonu». No. 2, pp. 96-102.
PAUL, Thazha. 2006. “Why has the India-Pakistan rivalry been so enduring? Power asymmetry and an intractable conflict” In: Security Studies. Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 600-630.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 392/2020, On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/ documents/3922020-35037. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
PRYAMYI. 2018. The anti-terrorist operation in Eastern Ukraine is coming to an end – Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://prm.ua/muzhenko-zayaviv-pro-pereformatuvannya- ato. Consultation date: 5/02/2022.
RADIO SVOBODA. 2021. The draft budget for 2022 foresees a “record amount” for defense – the Ministry of Defense. Available online. In: https:// www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-oborona-budget/31464482.html. Consultation date 20/01/2022.
RASUL BAKHSH RAIS. 2015. “The Emerging National Security Challenges for Pakistan” In: HILAL – The Pakistan armed force’s magazine. Available online. In: https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/the-emerging-national- security-challenges-for-pakistan/MTA3Nw==.html. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
RELIFWEB. 2021. Pakistan: Overview of Afghan Refugee Population (as of 30 April 2021). Available online. In: https://reliefweb.int/map/ pakistan/pakistan-overview-afghan-refugee-population-30-april-2021. Consultation date: 21/02/2022.
REZNIKOVA, Olha. 2017. Current issues of counter-terrorism in the world and in Ukraine: an analytical report. Kyiv, Ukraine.
RUMI, Raza. 2013. “Pakistan is a post-colonial garrison state» – interview with I. Ahmed” In: The Friday Times. Available online. In: http://www. thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130830&page=16. Consultation date: 19/02/2022.
SAHNI, Ajai. n.d. Balochistan Darkness Visible. South Asian Terrorism Portal. Available online. In: https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ajaisahni/10AS- 7LimesBaloch.htm. Consultation date: 28/04/2022.
SAJJAD SYED, Baqir. 2015. RAW instigating terrorism, says army. Dawn. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/1180243. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
SUSHYNSKYI, Oleg; PODILSKA, Solomiya. 2020. “What will be the history of Ukraine in the battle for Donetsk airport: figures and facts” In: Armіya Inform. Available online. In: https://armyinform.com.ua/2020/01/ yakoyu-v-istoriyu-ukrayiny-uvijde-bytva-za-doneczkyj-aeroport-czyfry- ta-fakty/. Consultation date: 14/05/2022.
TARAN, Sergiy. 2013. “Research of regionalism as a factor of international politics” In: Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Polіtology. No. 3, pp. 101-104.
THE PAKISTAN ARMS ORDINANCE. 1965. Available online. In: http://www. lawsofpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/pakistan_arms_ ordinance_1965.pdf. Consultation date: 20/01/2022.
TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2017. Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the regional security system (1998-2016). Ph.D. thesis. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University. Mykolaiv, Ukraine.
UATOM. 2020. Participation of Ukraine in Non-Proliferation Regime. Available online In: https://www.uatom.org/rezhym-nerozpovsyudzhennya/uchast-ukrayiny-u-rezhymi-nerozpovsyudzhennya. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
UKRAINTSI RAZOM. 2016. Support of fighters in the anti-terrorist operation zone. Available online. In: http://ukrazom.org/statements/pidtrymka- bijtsiv-u-zoni-ato. Consultation date: 18/01/2022.
UNIAN. 2017. Poroshenko emphasizes the importance of introducing a UN peacekeeping mission in Donbass. Available online. In: https://www. unian.ua/politics/2045869-poroshenko-nagoloshue-na-vajlivosti- vvedennya-na-donbas-mirotvorchoji-misiji-oon.html. Consultation date: 12/04/2022.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2010. Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan: border management cooperation in drug control. Available online. In: http://www.unodc.org/documents/afghanistan//Rainbow_Strategy/Green_paper_6_Jan._2012.pdf. Consultation date: 5/04/2022.
VASYLCHENKO, Yuriy. 2018. Gas War 2018: why Putin attacked Ukraine again. Depo.ua. Available online. In: https://www.depo.ua/ukr/ politics/gazova-viyna-2018-navischo-putin-znovu-atakuvav- ukrayinu-20180302736520. Consultation date: 2/12/2021.
XIONG, Guangkai. 2009. “China’s Comprehensive National Security Concept: The Shanghai Spirit and Ways to Strengthen It” In: Rossiya v globalnoy politike / Russia in Global Affairs. No. 3, pp. 92-98.
ZELENSKYY, Volodymyr. 2020. Address by the President on the Day of Unity of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ zvernennya-prezidenta-z-nagodi-dnya-sobornosti-ukrayini-59353. Consultation date: 16/04/2022.
BRATERSKIY, Maksim. 2003. “Second Wave” Nuclear States: India and Pakistan”. In: Obozrevatel-Observer. No. 3. Available online. In: http:// old.nasledie.ru/oboz/03_03/3_06.htm. Consultation date: 15/12/2021.
BUZAN, Barry. 1983. People, States and Fear. The National Security Problem in International Relations. Brighton, United Kingdom.
BUZAN, Barry. 1991. “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century” In: International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1944-). Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 431-451.
DAWN. 2006. UK declares BLA terrorist organization. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/201997. Consultation date: 10/02/2022.
DAWN. 2019. PM Imran calls on Pakistanis to partake in Kashmir Hour today to send message of solidarity. Available online. In: https://www.dawn. com/news/1502386. Consultation date: 25/05/2022.
ESPRESO. 2014. Yatsenyuk: Ukraine has paid its debts for gas recognized by the government. Available online. In: https://espreso.tv/news/2014/05/30/ukrayina_splaty_rosiyi_vyznani_uryadom_borhy_ za_haz. Consultation date: 24/01/2022.
FIERTZ, Natalie. 2021. Fragile State Index Annual Report 2021. Available online. In: https://fragilestatesindex.org/2021/05/20/fragile-states- index-2021-annual-report/. Consultation date: 15/05/2022.
GLOBAL FIREPOWER INDEX. 2022. Military Strength Ranking. 2022. Available online. In: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php. Consultation date: 17/05/2022.
GRARE, Frederic. 2013. “Belochistan. The state versus the nation”. In: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available online. In: https:// carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/11/balochistan-state-versus-nation- pub-51488. Consultation date: 20/01/2022.
HAQQANI, Husain. 2014. State of Delusion. Available online. In: http://www.hudson.org/research/10885-state-of-delusion. Consultation date: 18/02/2022.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2018. “Role of India in the Process of Formation of the South Asia Security System at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 2, No. 4 (24), pp. 132-137.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019a. “Pakistan’s Role in International Relations at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 177-187.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019b. Peculiar Features of the Historical Development of Pakistan Statehood. Eminak. Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 122-132.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” In: Foreign Affairs. Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 22-49.
IPRESSA.UA. 2017. Russia finances terrorists «LNR», sums – billions, – SBU. Available online. In: http://ipress.ua/news/rosiya_finansuie_ terorystiv_lnr_sumymilyardysbu_200980.html. Consultation date: 18/04/2022.
KHAN, Imran. 2019. The World Can’t Ignore Kashmir. We Are All in Danger. In: The New York Times. Available online. In: https://www.nytimes. com/2019/08/30/opinion/imran-khan-kashmir-pakistan.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2022.
KOTLYAR, Yuri; LYMAR, Marharyta; TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2020. “Pakistan- Ukraine: Analogies in the Triangles of Regional Security Complexes” In: Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale. No. 56, pp. 219-244.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2014. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 405/2014, On the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On Urgent Measures to Overcome the Terrorist Threat and Preserve the Territorial Integrity of Ukraine”. Database «Legislation of Ukraine» / Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Available online. In: http://zakon5.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/405/2014. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY FOR REINTEGRATION. 2022. The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine has exceeded 8 million people: from where and where the most went. Available online. In: https://www.minre. gov.ua/news/kilkist-vnutrishno-peremishchenyh-osib-vpo-v-ukrayini- perevyshchyla-8-mln-lyudey-zvidky-y-kudy. Consultation date: 2/06/2022.
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. 2020. Foreign Ministry Statement on Russia violating Ukrainian citizens’ right to freedom of movement from temporarily occupied. Available online. In: https:// mfa.gov.ua/en/news/foreign-ministry-statement-russia-violating- ukrainian-citizens-right-freedom-movement-temporarily-occupied- crimea. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MOORE, Mike. 1993. “Eating grass” In: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 5, No. 49, p. 2.
MUJTABA, Haji. 2014. Pakistan army launches big operation after airport attack. In: Reuters. Available online. In: https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-pakistan-airstrikes-idUSKBN0EQ0F720140615. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
NAPANG, Marthen; NURHASANAH, Siti; ROHMAN, Syaiful. 2019. “India- Pakistan Dispute on Kashmir: Pakistan’s Allegiance in the Effortsof ‘War on Terrorism’ of the United States after the WTC 9/11 Attack” In: Journal of Terrorism Studies. Vol. 1, No. 2, Article 3.
NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OF PAKISTAN 2022-2026. 2022. Available online. In: https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ NSP.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
PAKISTAN 2025. ONE NATION – ONE VISION. 2014. Available online. In: https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Pakistan%20 2025-%20One%20Nation%20-%20One%20Vision.pdf. Consultation date: 18/05/2022.
PAKISTAN IN THE 21ST CENTURY: VISION 2030. 2007. Islamabad, Pakistan.
PATRATIY, Nadiya. 2011. “Regional identity as an informal institution in the process of constructing a security complex” In: Ukrainian Scientific Journal «Osvіta regіonu». No. 2, pp. 96-102.
PAUL, Thazha. 2006. “Why has the India-Pakistan rivalry been so enduring? Power asymmetry and an intractable conflict” In: Security Studies. Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 600-630.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 392/2020, On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/ documents/3922020-35037. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
PRYAMYI. 2018. The anti-terrorist operation in Eastern Ukraine is coming to an end – Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://prm.ua/muzhenko-zayaviv-pro-pereformatuvannya- ato. Consultation date: 5/02/2022.
RADIO SVOBODA. 2021. The draft budget for 2022 foresees a “record amount” for defense – the Ministry of Defense. Available online. In: https:// www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-oborona-budget/31464482.html. Consultation date 20/01/2022.
RASUL BAKHSH RAIS. 2015. “The Emerging National Security Challenges for Pakistan” In: HILAL – The Pakistan armed force’s magazine. Available online. In: https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/the-emerging-national- security-challenges-for-pakistan/MTA3Nw==.html. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
RELIFWEB. 2021. Pakistan: Overview of Afghan Refugee Population (as of 30 April 2021). Available online. In: https://reliefweb.int/map/ pakistan/pakistan-overview-afghan-refugee-population-30-april-2021. Consultation date: 21/02/2022.
REZNIKOVA, Olha. 2017. Current issues of counter-terrorism in the world and in Ukraine: an analytical report. Kyiv, Ukraine.
RUMI, Raza. 2013. “Pakistan is a post-colonial garrison state» – interview with I. Ahmed” In: The Friday Times. Available online. In: http://www. thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130830&page=16. Consultation date: 19/02/2022.
SAHNI, Ajai. n.d. Balochistan Darkness Visible. South Asian Terrorism Portal. Available online. In: https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ajaisahni/10AS- 7LimesBaloch.htm. Consultation date: 28/04/2022.
SAJJAD SYED, Baqir. 2015. RAW instigating terrorism, says army. Dawn. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/1180243. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
SUSHYNSKYI, Oleg; PODILSKA, Solomiya. 2020. “What will be the history of Ukraine in the battle for Donetsk airport: figures and facts” In: Armіya Inform. Available online. In: https://armyinform.com.ua/2020/01/ yakoyu-v-istoriyu-ukrayiny-uvijde-bytva-za-doneczkyj-aeroport-czyfry- ta-fakty/. Consultation date: 14/05/2022.
TARAN, Sergiy. 2013. “Research of regionalism as a factor of international politics” In: Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Polіtology. No. 3, pp. 101-104.
THE PAKISTAN ARMS ORDINANCE. 1965. Available online. In: http://www. lawsofpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/pakistan_arms_ ordinance_1965.pdf. Consultation date: 20/01/2022.
TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2017. Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the regional security system (1998-2016). Ph.D. thesis. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University. Mykolaiv, Ukraine.
UATOM. 2020. Participation of Ukraine in Non-Proliferation Regime. Available online In: https://www.uatom.org/rezhym-nerozpovsyudzhennya/uchast-ukrayiny-u-rezhymi-nerozpovsyudzhennya. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
UKRAINTSI RAZOM. 2016. Support of fighters in the anti-terrorist operation zone. Available online. In: http://ukrazom.org/statements/pidtrymka- bijtsiv-u-zoni-ato. Consultation date: 18/01/2022.
UNIAN. 2017. Poroshenko emphasizes the importance of introducing a UN peacekeeping mission in Donbass. Available online. In: https://www. unian.ua/politics/2045869-poroshenko-nagoloshue-na-vajlivosti- vvedennya-na-donbas-mirotvorchoji-misiji-oon.html. Consultation date: 12/04/2022.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2010. Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan: border management cooperation in drug control. Available online. In: http://www.unodc.org/documents/afghanistan//Rainbow_Strategy/Green_paper_6_Jan._2012.pdf. Consultation date: 5/04/2022.
VASYLCHENKO, Yuriy. 2018. Gas War 2018: why Putin attacked Ukraine again. Depo.ua. Available online. In: https://www.depo.ua/ukr/ politics/gazova-viyna-2018-navischo-putin-znovu-atakuvav- ukrayinu-20180302736520. Consultation date: 2/12/2021.
XIONG, Guangkai. 2009. “China’s Comprehensive National Security Concept: The Shanghai Spirit and Ways to Strengthen It” In: Rossiya v globalnoy politike / Russia in Global Affairs. No. 3, pp. 92-98.
ZELENSKYY, Volodymyr. 2020. Address by the President on the Day of Unity of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ zvernennya-prezidenta-z-nagodi-dnya-sobornosti-ukrayini-59353. Consultation date: 16/04/2022.
Publicado
2022-12-19
Cómo citar
Tykhonenko , I., Trygub, O., Bohdanova, T., & Shevchuk , O. (2022). Ukraine’s security and Pakistan’s security: mechanisms to overcome threats: La seguridad de Ucrania y la seguridad de Pakistán: mecanismos para superar las amenazas. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 581-602. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.35
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