Ukraine’s security and Pakistan’s security: mechanisms to overcome threats
La seguridad de Ucrania y la seguridad de Pakistán: mecanismos para superar las amenazas
Keywords:
Ukraine and Pakistan security, security threats, Ukraine-Russia relations, Pakistan-India relations, international politics
Abstract
The sphere of security plays an important role in the domestic and foreign policy of states. In this regard, the object of the study were security threats that determine stability in Ukraine and Pakistan. The authors used the method of comparative analysis to draw parallels between the security of Ukraine and Pakistan and identify possible ways to improve it. It is concluded that, both Ukraine and Pakistan are quite geopolitically distant, have different histories and state-building processes, but are affected by traditional and “non-traditional” security threats. Definitely, the main unifying factor for the states is the antagonistic or “enemy” state - India for Pakistan and Russia for Ukraine, which becomes a catalyst for the formation of national identity and unity of society. The conflicts in Pakistan (Kashmir, Baluchistan and Pashtunistan) and Ukraine (war in Donbass, illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation) have had common consequences and mechanisms for overcoming them, which are implemented in the context of the internal and state policy of both Kiev and Islamabad.
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References
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DAWN. 2006. UK declares BLA terrorist organization. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/201997. Consultation date: 10/02/2022.
DAWN. 2019. PM Imran calls on Pakistanis to partake in Kashmir Hour today to send message of solidarity. Available online. In: https://www.dawn. com/news/1502386. Consultation date: 25/05/2022.
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HOROBETS, Ihor. 2018. “Role of India in the Process of Formation of the South Asia Security System at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 2, No. 4 (24), pp. 132-137.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019a. “Pakistan’s Role in International Relations at the beginning of the 21st century” In: Eminak. Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 177-187.
HOROBETS, Ihor. 2019b. Peculiar Features of the Historical Development of Pakistan Statehood. Eminak. Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 122-132.
HUNTINGTON, Samuel. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?” In: Foreign Affairs. Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 22-49.
IPRESSA.UA. 2017. Russia finances terrorists «LNR», sums – billions, – SBU. Available online. In: http://ipress.ua/news/rosiya_finansuie_ terorystiv_lnr_sumymilyardysbu_200980.html. Consultation date: 18/04/2022.
KHAN, Imran. 2019. The World Can’t Ignore Kashmir. We Are All in Danger. In: The New York Times. Available online. In: https://www.nytimes. com/2019/08/30/opinion/imran-khan-kashmir-pakistan.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2022.
KOTLYAR, Yuri; LYMAR, Marharyta; TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2020. “Pakistan- Ukraine: Analogies in the Triangles of Regional Security Complexes” In: Annali di Ca’ Foscari. Serie orientale. No. 56, pp. 219-244.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2014. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 405/2014, On the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On Urgent Measures to Overcome the Terrorist Threat and Preserve the Territorial Integrity of Ukraine”. Database «Legislation of Ukraine» / Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Available online. In: http://zakon5.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/405/2014. Consultation date: 15/01/2022.
MINISTRY FOR REINTEGRATION. 2022. The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine has exceeded 8 million people: from where and where the most went. Available online. In: https://www.minre. gov.ua/news/kilkist-vnutrishno-peremishchenyh-osib-vpo-v-ukrayini- perevyshchyla-8-mln-lyudey-zvidky-y-kudy. Consultation date: 2/06/2022.
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MOORE, Mike. 1993. “Eating grass” In: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Vol. 5, No. 49, p. 2.
MUJTABA, Haji. 2014. Pakistan army launches big operation after airport attack. In: Reuters. Available online. In: https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-pakistan-airstrikes-idUSKBN0EQ0F720140615. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
NAPANG, Marthen; NURHASANAH, Siti; ROHMAN, Syaiful. 2019. “India- Pakistan Dispute on Kashmir: Pakistan’s Allegiance in the Effortsof ‘War on Terrorism’ of the United States after the WTC 9/11 Attack” In: Journal of Terrorism Studies. Vol. 1, No. 2, Article 3.
NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OF PAKISTAN 2022-2026. 2022. Available online. In: https://static.theprint.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ NSP.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
PAKISTAN 2025. ONE NATION – ONE VISION. 2014. Available online. In: https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/Pakistan%20 2025-%20One%20Nation%20-%20One%20Vision.pdf. Consultation date: 18/05/2022.
PAKISTAN IN THE 21ST CENTURY: VISION 2030. 2007. Islamabad, Pakistan.
PATRATIY, Nadiya. 2011. “Regional identity as an informal institution in the process of constructing a security complex” In: Ukrainian Scientific Journal «Osvіta regіonu». No. 2, pp. 96-102.
PAUL, Thazha. 2006. “Why has the India-Pakistan rivalry been so enduring? Power asymmetry and an intractable conflict” In: Security Studies. Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 600-630.
PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Decree of the President of Ukraine. No. 392/2020, On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/ documents/3922020-35037. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
PRYAMYI. 2018. The anti-terrorist operation in Eastern Ukraine is coming to an end – Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://prm.ua/muzhenko-zayaviv-pro-pereformatuvannya- ato. Consultation date: 5/02/2022.
RADIO SVOBODA. 2021. The draft budget for 2022 foresees a “record amount” for defense – the Ministry of Defense. Available online. In: https:// www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-oborona-budget/31464482.html. Consultation date 20/01/2022.
RASUL BAKHSH RAIS. 2015. “The Emerging National Security Challenges for Pakistan” In: HILAL – The Pakistan armed force’s magazine. Available online. In: https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/the-emerging-national- security-challenges-for-pakistan/MTA3Nw==.html. Consultation date: 25/01/2022.
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REZNIKOVA, Olha. 2017. Current issues of counter-terrorism in the world and in Ukraine: an analytical report. Kyiv, Ukraine.
RUMI, Raza. 2013. “Pakistan is a post-colonial garrison state» – interview with I. Ahmed” In: The Friday Times. Available online. In: http://www. thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130830&page=16. Consultation date: 19/02/2022.
SAHNI, Ajai. n.d. Balochistan Darkness Visible. South Asian Terrorism Portal. Available online. In: https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ajaisahni/10AS- 7LimesBaloch.htm. Consultation date: 28/04/2022.
SAJJAD SYED, Baqir. 2015. RAW instigating terrorism, says army. Dawn. Available online. In: https://www.dawn.com/news/1180243. Consultation date: 28/03/2022.
SUSHYNSKYI, Oleg; PODILSKA, Solomiya. 2020. “What will be the history of Ukraine in the battle for Donetsk airport: figures and facts” In: Armіya Inform. Available online. In: https://armyinform.com.ua/2020/01/ yakoyu-v-istoriyu-ukrayiny-uvijde-bytva-za-doneczkyj-aeroport-czyfry- ta-fakty/. Consultation date: 14/05/2022.
TARAN, Sergiy. 2013. “Research of regionalism as a factor of international politics” In: Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Polіtology. No. 3, pp. 101-104.
THE PAKISTAN ARMS ORDINANCE. 1965. Available online. In: http://www. lawsofpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/pakistan_arms_ ordinance_1965.pdf. Consultation date: 20/01/2022.
TYKHONENKO, Iryna. 2017. Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the regional security system (1998-2016). Ph.D. thesis. Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University. Mykolaiv, Ukraine.
UATOM. 2020. Participation of Ukraine in Non-Proliferation Regime. Available online In: https://www.uatom.org/rezhym-nerozpovsyudzhennya/uchast-ukrayiny-u-rezhymi-nerozpovsyudzhennya. Consultation date: 7/04/2022.
UKRAINTSI RAZOM. 2016. Support of fighters in the anti-terrorist operation zone. Available online. In: http://ukrazom.org/statements/pidtrymka- bijtsiv-u-zoni-ato. Consultation date: 18/01/2022.
UNIAN. 2017. Poroshenko emphasizes the importance of introducing a UN peacekeeping mission in Donbass. Available online. In: https://www. unian.ua/politics/2045869-poroshenko-nagoloshue-na-vajlivosti- vvedennya-na-donbas-mirotvorchoji-misiji-oon.html. Consultation date: 12/04/2022.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. 2010. Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan: border management cooperation in drug control. Available online. In: http://www.unodc.org/documents/afghanistan//Rainbow_Strategy/Green_paper_6_Jan._2012.pdf. Consultation date: 5/04/2022.
VASYLCHENKO, Yuriy. 2018. Gas War 2018: why Putin attacked Ukraine again. Depo.ua. Available online. In: https://www.depo.ua/ukr/ politics/gazova-viyna-2018-navischo-putin-znovu-atakuvav- ukrayinu-20180302736520. Consultation date: 2/12/2021.
XIONG, Guangkai. 2009. “China’s Comprehensive National Security Concept: The Shanghai Spirit and Ways to Strengthen It” In: Rossiya v globalnoy politike / Russia in Global Affairs. No. 3, pp. 92-98.
ZELENSKYY, Volodymyr. 2020. Address by the President on the Day of Unity of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/ zvernennya-prezidenta-z-nagodi-dnya-sobornosti-ukrayini-59353. Consultation date: 16/04/2022.
Published
2022-12-19
How to Cite
Tykhonenko , I., Trygub, O., Bohdanova, T., & Shevchuk , O. (2022). Ukraine’s security and Pakistan’s security: mechanisms to overcome threats: La seguridad de Ucrania y la seguridad de Pakistán: mecanismos para superar las amenazas. Political Questions, 40(75), 581-602. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.35
Section
Derecho Público
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