Responsabilidad Penal de las Personas Jurídicas por Delitos Ambientales: Problemas de la Práctica Policial
Keywords:
environmental crime, criminal liability, anthropogenic impact, legal entities
Abstract
The aim of the article was to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the features and problems of criminal prosecution of legal entities for environmental crimes. The research objectives were fulfilled through modern methods of cognition. The leading practical method was the method of observation. The study allowed to form a conceptual understanding of theoretical ideas about environmental crimes of legal entities in Ukraine. Currently, Ukraine is trying to focus in its legislative innovations on the implementation of progressive approaches to the introduction of a comprehensive institution of criminal law measures regarding the liability of these entities. Relevant legal mechanisms and comments identified in the practice of the European Union and substantiated by scholars, can be implemented in the legislation of Ukraine. Amendments to the rules governing the procedure for effective prevention of environmental crimes by legal entities are proposed. It seems reasonable to introduce an active monitoring analysis of anthropogenic activities of companies, and the creation of special units to identify relevant violations. The mechanisms for implementing the set of preventive and monitoring measures outlined in the article, set the background for further scientific research.
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References
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ROEF, David. 2019. Corporate criminal liability. In: Johannes Keiler and David Roef (Eds.), Comparative Concepts of Criminal Law, 3rd edition (pр. 333-339). Antwerp, Intersentia.
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VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of April 5, 2001, № 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 435-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/435-15#n435. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
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WHITE, Rob. 2018. “Green victimology and non-human victims” In: International Review of Victimology, Vol. 24, pр. 239-255.
CAMPROUX DUFFRÈNE, Marie-Pierre; JAWORSKI, Veronique. 2021. Legal Paradigm Shifts for a New Environmental Law. Greens/European Free Alliance. Brussels, Belgium.
DONGMEI, Pan. 2020. “Criminal liability of legal entities in China: traditional approaches and modern choices” In: Russian Journal of Criminology. Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 613-622.
EUROJUST. 2021. Report on Eurojust’s Casework on Environmental Crime. Available online. In: https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/ files/2021-01/report_environmental_crime.pdf. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2020. Commission Staff Working Document. Evaluation of the Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law. European Commission. Brussels, Belgium.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2021. Delivering European Green Deal. Available online. In: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/ european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. 2021. European Parliament Resolution of 20 May 2021 on the Liability of Companies for Environmental Damage (2020/2027(INI)). Available online. In: https://www.europarl.europa. eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0259_EN.html. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
EUROPOL. 2020. Enterprising Criminals – Europe’s Fight against the Global Networks of Financial and Economic Crime. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. Brussels, Belgium.
FAURE, Michael G. 2020. Environmental Liability of Companies, Study for the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, June 2020. European Parliament. Brussels, Belgium.
FRENCH PENAL CODE. 1994. Available online. In: https://www. legislationline.org/download/id/8546/file/France_CC_am012020_ fr.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
GAVRILISHIN, Anatoliy; KOZYREVA, Valentyna. 2018. “The problems of criminal responsibility of legal entities: foreign experience” In: Scientific Works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal “Air and Space Law”. Vol. 2, No. 47, pp. 160-165.
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 2021. Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs. Available online. In: https://www. gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-environment-food- rural-affairs. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
HAMID, Ruby; JOHN, Rani; CLARKE, James; DENTON, Ross; KING, Ronnie; DE ROUX, Hortense; CUFF, Cameron; BARROW, Amelia; MILLS, Nicholas; SHAH, Ria; CHITTY, Imogen; CHOW, Bertilla; LILLYCROP, Сatherine. 2020. Corporate Crime: What Now for 2021? Available online. In: https://www.ashurst.com/en/news-and-insights/insights/ corporate-crime---what-now-for-2021. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
HUSAROV, Serhiy M. 2019. Current issues of administrative jurisdiction of bodies, units of the national police for environmental protection in modern conditions. South Ukrainian Law Journal. Vol. 4, No, 3, pp. 136- 140.
KAZANCHUK, Iryna D. 2017. “Competence of the National Police of Ukraine in relation to environmental protection and ecological safety in integration conditions” In: Our Law. Vol. 1, pp. 54-61.
KERRIGAN, Сristopher; CAMPBELL, James; BANYASZ, Dora; WINTER, Lewis. 2021. Trends in Corporate Crime and What You Can Expect in 2021. Available online. In: https://www.allens.com.au/insights-news/ insights/2021/02/trends-in-corporate-crime-and-ahead-for-2021/. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
KISLIY, Anatoliy M; KYSLENKO, Dmytro P; TYMOSHENKO, Yuriy P; KALININA, Iryna V; HURINA, Dariia P. 2021. “Criminal provision of medical secret protection in Covid–2019” In: Ad Alta Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 1, special issue 26, pp. 67-71.
LADYCHENKO, Viktor; YARA, Olena; ULIUTINA, Olena; GOLOVKO, Liudmyla. 2019. “Environmental liability in Ukraine and the EU” In: European Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 261- 267.
LENNAN, Mitchell. 2021. “Evaluating the effectiveness of the EU environmental liability and environmental crime directives as implemented by Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom” In: Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 26-37.
LUBIS, Muhammad Ridwan; PUTRA, Panca Sarjana; SARAGIH, Yasmirah Mandasari. 2021. “Corporate criminal liability for criminal acts of corruption” In: Journal of Legal Update. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 48-59.
LYNCH, Michael J; STRETESKY, Paul B; LONG, Michael A. 2018. “Situational crime prevention and ecological regulation: A review and discussion” In: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 679, рр. 178-196.
LYNCH, Мichael J. 2020. “Green criminology and environmental crime: criminology that matters in the age of global ecological collapse” In: Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 50-61.
MACKIE, Colin. 2020. Environmental Due Diligence in Global Value Chains. European Coalition for Corporate Justice. Brussels, Belgium.
MALANCHUK, Petro. 2020. “Problems of criminal liability of legal entities” In: Actual Problems of Jurisprudence. Vol. 1, No. 21, pp. 202-205.
MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF FINLAND. 2012. Finnish Criminal Code of 1889 (as Amended by Law no. 927/2012). Available online. In: https://www. finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039.pdf. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
NELLEMANN, Christian (ed.). 2017. The Rise of Environmental Crime. A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, A UNEP–Interpol Rapid Response Assessment. UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2008. Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0099. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
PORFIDO, Stefano. 2021. “The use of restorative justice for environmental crimes in the European Union’s legal framework” In: Queen Mary Law Journal. Vol. 1, pp. 106-133.
ROEF, David. 2019. Corporate criminal liability. In: Johannes Keiler and David Roef (Eds.), Comparative Concepts of Criminal Law, 3rd edition (pр. 333-339). Antwerp, Intersentia.
SIRANT, Myroslava M. 2020. “Doctrinal approach to determination of environmental harm in the European Union and Ukraine” In: Law Bulletin. Vol. 14, pp. 76-84.
State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2021. Justice and Crime. Available online. In: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/. Consultation date: 11/04/2021.
TURLOVA, Yuliya A. 2017. Criminal Law Impact on Environmental Crimes. Monograph. Znannya Ukrayiny. Kyiv, Ukraine.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIMES. 2000. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. Adopted by the UN General Assembly: 15 November 2000, by resolution 55/25. Available online. In: https://www.unodc.org/ unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/UNTOC.html. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1998. Convention on Environmental Protection by Means of criminal Law, (ETS N 172). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_560#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2001. Criminal Code of Ukraine of April 5, 2001, № 2341-III. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2341-14#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. Civil Code of Ukraine of January 16, 2003, № 435-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/435-15#n435. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2013. The Law of Ukraine of May 23, 2013, № 314-VII «On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Implementation of the Action Plan for the Liberalization of the European Union Visa Regime for Ukraine Regarding the Liability of Legal Entities». Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/314-18#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2019. the Law of Ukraine No. 2697-VIII of 28.02.2019 “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine 2030” Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2697-19#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. Recommendations of Parliamentary Hearings on Priorities of Environmental Policy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the Next Five Years. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/457-IX#Text. Consultation date: 11/02/2021.
WHITE, Rob. 2018. “Green victimology and non-human victims” In: International Review of Victimology, Vol. 24, pр. 239-255.
Published
2021-12-16
How to Cite
Danylevska, Y. O., Sokur, T. A., Bodnaruk , O. M., Shevchuk, A. V., & Stratiy, O. V. (2021). Responsabilidad Penal de las Personas Jurídicas por Delitos Ambientales: Problemas de la Práctica Policial. Political Questions, 39(71), 224-244. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.11
Section
Derecho Público
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