Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe
Keywords:
law enforcement, law enforcement agencies, law and order, national security, crime
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.
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References
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CENTRE FOR JUSTICE & RECONCILIATION. 2021. About Restorative Justice. Available online. In: http://restorativejustice.org/restorative-justice/ about-restorative-justice/#sthash.8oEgHCkw.dpbs. Consultation date: 10/03/21.
DASKAL, Jennifer. 2016. “Law enforcement access to data across borders: The evolving security and rights issues” In: Journal of National Security Law and Policy. Vol. 8, No. 3. Available online. In: https://digitalcommons. wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev/1100. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
DISCOVER POLICING. n.d. What is community policing? Available online. In: https://www.discoverpolicing.org/explore-the-field/what-is- community-policing/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
FRITSVOLD, Erik. n.d.a. The top 5 trends in law enforcement. University of San Diego. Available online. In: https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/top-5- trends-in-law-enforcement/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
FRITSVOLD, Erik. n.d.b. What master’s degree in criminal justice is right for you? [Comparison guide]. University of San Diego. Available online. In: https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/criminal-justice-masters-degree- comparison/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
FRITSVOLD, Erik. n.d.c. Why we need more women working in law enforcement. University of San Diego. Available online. In: https:// onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/women-in-law-enforcement/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
GILL, Peter. 2017. Rounding up the usual suspects? Developments in contemporary law enforcement intelligence. Routledge. Available online. In: https://www.routledge.com/Rounding-Up-the-Usual- Suspects-Developments-in-Contemporary-Law-Enforcement/Gill/p/ book/9781138736276. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
GRIFFITH, David. 2017. Fighting cybercrime at the local level. POLICE Magazine. Available online. In: https://www.policemag.com/342353/ fighting-cybercrime-at-the-local-level. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
HALL, Amy. 2020. Police brutality is not just a us problem. New Internationalist. Available online. In: https://newint.org/features/2020/06/05/police- brutality-not-just-us-problem. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
HLADCHUK, Dmytro. 2020. “Factors of human rights violations by employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine” In: Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law. Vol. 12, pp. 175-179. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.32849/2663-5313/2020.12.30. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
HUFNAGEL, Saskia. 2016. Policing cooperation across borders: comparative perspectives on law enforcement within the EU and Australia. Routledge. Available online. In: https://www.routledge.com/Policing-Cooperation- Across-Borders-Comparative-Perspectives-on-Law-Enforcement/ Hufnagel/p/book/9781138267121. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
INSTITUTE OF PEACE AND UNDERSTANDING. n.d. Is punishment the only way to achieve justice?? Available online. In: https://rj.org.ua/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
JAHNZ, Adalbert; BOTTOMLEY, Ciara; BERARD, Laura. 2020. EU Security Union Strategy: Connecting the dots in a new security ecosystem. European Commission website. Available online. In: https://ec.europa. eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1379. Consultation date: 10/03/21.
KARPIUK, Hennadii. 2015a. “The practice of reforms: from form to content” In: Tyzhnevyk MVS Ukrainy “Imenem Zakonu”. Available online. In: http://www.imzak.org.ua/articles/article/id/4577. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
KARPIUK, Hennadii. 2015b. “Post-European reforms” In: Tyzhnevyk MVS Ukrainy “Imenem Zakonu”. Available online. In: http://www.imzak.org. ua/articles/article/id/4645. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
KARPIUK, Hennadii. 2015c. “The practice of reforms: the countries of the socialist camp” In: Tyzhnevyk MVS Ukrainy “Imenem Zakonu”. Available online. In: www.imzak.org.ua/articles/article/id/4597. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
KOZLOVSKA, Ganna. 2020. Application of the code of ethics in the law enforcement authorities of Ukraine. Modern Vector of Science Development. [XXXIX International scientific-practical Internet conference]. Vinnytsia, Ukraine. Available online. In: https://essuir. sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77344. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
LÁSZLÓ, Christián. 2017. The role of complementary law enforcement institutions in Hungary. Efficient synergy in the field of complementary law enforcement? A new approach. Repository. Available online. In: https://repository.mruni.eu/handle/007/15079. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
LAW OF GEORGIA «ON POLICE». 2013. Kutaisi, 4 October 2013 N1444- IS. Available online. In: https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/ download/2047533/7/en/pdf. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
LUM, Cynthia; KOPER, Christopher; WILLIS, James. 2017. “Understanding the limits of technology’s impact on police effectiveness” In: Police Quarterly. Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 135-163. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1177/1098611116667279. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
MUMMOLO, Jonathan. 2018. “Modern police tactics, police-citizen interactions, and the prospects for reform” In: The Journal of Politics. Vol. 80, No. 1. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1086/694393. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
NIPIALIDI, Olha. 2020. “Prevention of economic crime as an important area of law enforcement authorities: State, trends, problems” In: Actual Problems of Law. Vol. 4. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.35774/ app2020.04.061. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
NISSAN, Ephraim. 2017. “Digital technologies and artificial intelligence’s present and foreseeable impact on lawyering, judging, policing and law enforcement” In: AI & Society. Vol. 32, pp. 441-464. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-015-0596-5. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
NUMBEO. 2021. Crime index by country 2021. Available online. In: https:// www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
OFFICE OF JUSTICE PROGRAMS. n.d. Terms & Definitions: Law Enforcement. Available online. In: https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tdtp&tid=7. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
RAMOS PEREZ, Silvia Iluminada. 2017. “The Spanish national police training system” In: European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin. Vol. 3, pp. 85-92. Available online. In: http://91.82.159.234/index.php/bulletin/ article/view/264. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
RENZETTI, Claire; BUSH, Amy; CASTELLANOS, Marissa; HUNT, Gretchen. 2015. “Does training make a difference? An evaluation of a specialized human trafficking training module for law enforcement officers” In: Journal of Crime and Justice. Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 334-350. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2014.997913. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SALLAVACI, Oriola. 2018. “Strengthening cross-border law enforcement cooperation in the EU: The Prüm network of data exchange” In: The European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. Vol. 24, pp. 219- 235. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-017-9355-0. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SCHOLTEN, Miroslava; LUCHTMAN, Michiel. 2017. (Eds.). Law enforcement by EU authorities: Implications for political and judicial accountability. Edward Elgar Publishing. UK.
SCHOLTEN, Miroslava; LUCHTMAN, Michiel; SCHMIDT, Elmar. 2017. The proliferation of EU enforcement authorities: A new development in law enforcement in the EU. In Miroslava Scholten & Michiel Luchtman (Eds.), Law Enforcement by EU Authorities (chapter 1, рр. 1-27). Edward Elgar Publishing. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786 434630.00007. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SENYK, Svіatoslav. 2020. “Analysis of legislative supply of informational and informational– Analytical activities of national police of Ukraine” In: Internal Security. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 69-76. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3188. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SHAPIRO, Aaron. 2017. “Reform predictive policing” In: Nature. Vol. 541, pp. 458-460. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1038/541458a. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SHORMEE, Saha. 2020. “Automated traffic law enforcement system: A feasibility study for the congested cities of developing countries” In: International Journal of Innovative Technology and Interdisciplinary Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 346-363. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.15157/IJITIS.2020.3.1.346-363. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
SVECHNIKOV, Nikolay. 2016. “The essence of law-enforcement activity” In: Lex Russica. Vol. 7, pp. 28-37. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.17803/1729-5920.2016.116.7.028-037. Consultation date: 10/03/21.
TOLOGON, Sarbagysh Uulu. 2017. “The issues of coordination activities among law-enforcement authorities in the field of crime prevention” In: Modern Science. Vol. 8, pp. 62-66. Available online. In: https://www.elibrary.ru/ item.asp?id=29935194. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
TOMBERLIN, James. 2018. Don't elect me: Sheriffs and the need for reform in county law enforcement (104 Va. L. Rev. 113). Hein Online. Available online. In: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein. journals/valr104&div=7&id=&page=. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
UDALTSOVA, Natalya. 2009. Legal regulation of the activities of subjects of the lawenforcementsysteminemergencysituationsofnaturalandman-made nature [Ph.D. dissertation]. DisserCat. Available online. In: https://www. dissercat.com/content/pravovoe-regulirovanie-deyatelnosti-subektov- pravookhranitelnoi-sistemy-pri-chrezvychainykh-. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. n.d. Available online. In: https://dataunodc.un.org/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO. n.d. Moving up the ranks: How a Master's Degree can help you take your career to the next level. Available online. In: https://onlinedegrees.sandiego.edu/resources/law-enforcement- careers-ebook/. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
VACCA, John. 2019. (Ed.). Legal restrictions and challenges for police and law enforcement authorities. Online Terrorist Propaganda, Recruitment, and Radicalization (chapter 11). CRC Press. Available online. In: https:// www.routledge.com/Online-Terrorist-Propaganda-Recruitment-and- Radicalization/Vacca/p/book/9781138048263. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
VOLKOV, Anton. 2021. World crime rate. Visasam.ru. Available online. In: https://visasam.ru/emigration/vybor/prestupnost-v-mire.html. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
WAINWRIGHT, Rob. 2017. “Trends and challengesfor law enforcement training and education” In: European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin. Vol. 3, pp. 11-19. Available online. In: https://bulletin.cepol.europa.eu/index. php/bulletin/article/view/254. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
WARKEN, Claudia; VAN ZWIETEN, Lodewijk; SVANTESSON, Dan. 2020. “Re-thinking the categorisation of data in the context of law enforcement cross-border access to evidence” In: International Review of Law, Computers & Technology. Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 44-64. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2019.1600871. Consultation date: 10/01/21.
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Published
2021-10-05
How to Cite
Smernytskyi, D., Zaichko, K., Zhvanko, Y., Bakal, M., & Shapochka, T. (2021). Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe. Political Questions, 39(70), 524-547. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.31
Section
Derecho Público
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