The restrictions of the freedom of information during the Covid-19 pandemic
Palabras clave:
libertad de información, libertad de expresión, COVID-19, Restricciones, Derechos Humanos
Resumen
El artículo está dedicado al estudio de los problemas de las restricciones a la libertad de información que han surgido bajo el impacto del brote del nuevo coronavirus. Otro objetivo del documento es identificar formas de proteger tales derechos o indicar qué enmiendas a la ley podrían ser útiles. La metodología de investigación se basa en métodos científicos generales y especiales, en particular: analítico, comparativo-legal, sistémico y estructural. La estructura del trabajo incluye: la revisión de la legislación internacional y ucraniana relacionada con la libertad de información; las posibilidades de su restricción; posibles formas de permitir una gestión segura de la libertad de información durante la coronacrisis. Se realizó un análisis de la experiencia internacional, así como aspectos de la protección de las libertades civiles como la libertad de expresión, el derecho de reunión pacífica, etc. Se identificaron varios temas problemáticos. Todo permite concluir que, sin embargo, los resultados generales del estudio pueden interpretarse como tendencias alarmantes en el campo de los derechos humanos y las libertades civiles. En particular, se trata de múltiples violaciones de la libertad de información en todo el mundo bajo restricciones de cuarentena.
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ISHENKO, Natalya. 2020. What communication challenges do governments face during a pandemic? Available online. In: https://m.day.kyiv.ua/uk/ article/media/cenzura-proty-virusu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KRUSIAN, Anzhelika, TSIURA, Vadim, PEREZHNIAK, Boris, SABODASH, Roman & KAZAKOVA, Lyudmila. 2021. Realization of the right to free movementunder quarantine conditions: practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Cuestiones politicas, 39(68), 103-120. Available online. In: https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/ article/view/35401/37495. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KUCHERYAVENKO, Viktoria. 2019. Legal content of the category “Inaccurate information”. Journal of civil law and procedure. No. 6, pp. 29-32. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.6.05 Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GOSTIN, Lawrence, FRIEDMAN, Eric, & WETTER, Sarah. 2020. Responding to Covid-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically. Hastings Center Report. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 8-12.
MINISRTY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE. 2020. On the organization of the educational process in general secondary education during quarantine: Letter. Available online. In: https://mon.gov.ua/ ua/npa/shodo-organizaciyi-osvitnogo-procesu-v-zakladah-zagalnoyi- serednoyi-osviti-pid-chas-karantinu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
MORLEY, Jessica, COWLS, Josh, TADDEO, Mariarosaria, & FLORIDI, Luciano. 2020. Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps. Nature. No. 582, pp. 29-31. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-01578-0. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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PARLIAMENT COMOSSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF UKRAINE. 2020. The results of monitoring the state of provision and disclosure of public information on combating the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2NTySpe. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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POLITANSKY, Volodymyr. 2016. The right to information in the system of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. Bulletin of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. Vol. 4, No. 87, pp. 86- 95. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2ZEguDb. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ROMANENKO, Maria. 2020. “Out of the shower and waiting for the police”: what’s wrong with the application “Action at home”? Hromadske. Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/vijshov-z-dushu-j- ochikuvav-na-policiyu-sho-ne-tak-z-dodatkom-dij-vdoma. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
SERVICK, Kelly. 2020. COVID-19 contact tracing apps are coming to a phone near you. How will we know whether they work? Science. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc9379. Consultation date:
27/05/2021.
SHIROKOVA, Alla. 2021. “Let’s not let buses with coronavirus in Sanzhari”- exactly a year has passed since the “crazy” protests that shook the country. Available online. In: https://www.0532.ua/news/3029035/ ne-pustimo-u-sanzari-avtobusi-z-koronovirusom-minuv-rivno-rik- pisla-kovidnih-protestiv-aki-skolihnuli-krainu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TADDEO, Mariarosaria. 2020. “The Ethical Governance of the Digital During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: Minds & Machines. No. 30, pp. 171-176. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020- 09528-5 .Consultation date: 27.05.2021
TING, Daniel, LAWRENCE, Carin, DZAU, Viktor, & WONG, Tien. 2020. Digital technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 459- 461. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TREIN, Philipp. 2020. The paradox of prevention: authoritarian past and liberal democracy in times of crisis. Available online. In: http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3625523. Consultation date: 12/09/2020.
UKRINFORM. 2020. The ICRC told how the Kremlin propaganda was experimenting with the fears of the Ukrainians. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/3194436-u-mkip-rozpovili- ak-propaganda-kremla-eksperimentue-zi-strahami-ukrainciv.html. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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UNITED NATIONS. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/ documents/convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1967. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Available online. In: http://www.un.org.ua/images/International_ Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_CCPR_eng1.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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UNITED NATIONS. 2005. Declaration on human rights and the rule of law in the Information Society. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/goodgovernance/Activities/Public_participation_ internet_governance/Declaration-Information-Society/011_ DeclarationFinal%20text_en.asp. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2011. Declaration on Internet governance principles. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2MenUtT. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2016. On the promotion, protection, and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. Available online. In: https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1984. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/80731-10. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1992. On Information: Law 2657-XII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12/ conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1996. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. The Civil Code. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15/conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2004. On Telecommunications: Law 1280-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/1280-15#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2011. On Access to Public Information: Law 2939-VI. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2939-17#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. On the Constitutional Court: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/422/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Law 540-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/540-20. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. 2006. On Approval of the Rules for Ensuring Information Protection in Information, Telecommunication, and Information-Telecommunication Systems: Resolution 373. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/373-2006-%D0%BF#top. Consultation date: 27/05/2021
CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. (2020). How the Home Action application works. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/ yak-pracyuye-zastosunok-dij-vdoma. Consultation date: 27/05/2021
CIVIL COURT OF CASSATION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Judgment 346/5700/17. Available online. In: http://reyestr.court. gov.ua/Review/89903471. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF UKRAINE. 2020. Decision in the case on the constitutional complaint of Vyacheslav Yuriyovych Pleskach regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) with the provisions of the second sentence of part four of Article 42 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine”. Available online. In: http://www.ccu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/1_p1_2020.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
DEGELING, Chris, CHEN, Gang, GILBERT, Gwendolyn, BROOKES, Viktoria, THAI, Thi, WILSON, Andrew, & JOHNSON, Jane. 2020. Changes in public preferences for technologically enhanced surveillance following the COVID-19 pandemic: a discrete choice experiment. BMJ Open, 10(11), e041592. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-041592/ Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 1969. Denmark v. Greece; Norway v. Greece; Sweden v. Greece; Netherlands v. Greece. Available online. In: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-167795%22]}. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2016). Handbook of Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_15_UKR.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
FLAXMAN,Seth,MISHRA,Swapnil,GANDY,Axel,UNWIN,Juliette,MELLAN, Thomas, COUPLAND, Helen, ... & BHATT, Samir. 2020. “Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe” Nature. No. 584, pp. 257-261. Available online. In: https://www.nature. com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GOLUBOV, Olexandr, & KASHEL, Helena. 2020. News about the coronavirus despite censorship: DW awarded 17 journalists. Deutsche Welle. Available online. In: https://www.dw.com/uk/novyny-pro-koronavirus-popry- censuru-dw-nagorodyla-17-zhurnalistiv/a-53310012. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GONCHAROVA, Katerina. 2020. Diagnosis – Novi Sanzhary. What you need to know about the coronavirus so as not to panic. Media Sapiens. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/37EutNJ. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ISAACS, David, BRITTON, Philipp, & PREISZ, Anne. 2020. Ethical reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic: The epidemiology of panic. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(5), 690–691. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14882. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ISHENKO, Natalya. 2020. What communication challenges do governments face during a pandemic? Available online. In: https://m.day.kyiv.ua/uk/ article/media/cenzura-proty-virusu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KRUSIAN, Anzhelika, TSIURA, Vadim, PEREZHNIAK, Boris, SABODASH, Roman & KAZAKOVA, Lyudmila. 2021. Realization of the right to free movementunder quarantine conditions: practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Cuestiones politicas, 39(68), 103-120. Available online. In: https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/ article/view/35401/37495. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
KUCHERYAVENKO, Viktoria. 2019. Legal content of the category “Inaccurate information”. Journal of civil law and procedure. No. 6, pp. 29-32. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2019.6.05 Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
GOSTIN, Lawrence, FRIEDMAN, Eric, & WETTER, Sarah. 2020. Responding to Covid-19: How to Navigate a Public Health Emergency Legally and Ethically. Hastings Center Report. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 8-12.
MINISRTY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE. 2020. On the organization of the educational process in general secondary education during quarantine: Letter. Available online. In: https://mon.gov.ua/ ua/npa/shodo-organizaciyi-osvitnogo-procesu-v-zakladah-zagalnoyi- serednoyi-osviti-pid-chas-karantinu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
MORLEY, Jessica, COWLS, Josh, TADDEO, Mariarosaria, & FLORIDI, Luciano. 2020. Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps. Nature. No. 582, pp. 29-31. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-01578-0. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
NEKIT, Kateryna, ULIANOVA, Galyna & KOLODIN, Denis. 2019. Website as an object of legal protection by Ukrainian legislation. In: Amazonia investiga. Vol. 8, No. 21, pp. 222-230. Available online. In: https:// amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/97. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
PARLIAMENT COMOSSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF UKRAINE. 2020. The results of monitoring the state of provision and disclosure of public information on combating the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2NTySpe. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
PLENUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. 2009. On judicial practice in cases of protection of the dignity and honor of individuals, as well as the business reputation of individuals and legal entities: Resolution 1. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/v_001700- 09#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
POLITANSKY, Volodymyr. 2016. The right to information in the system of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. Bulletin of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. Vol. 4, No. 87, pp. 86- 95. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2ZEguDb. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
ROMANENKO, Maria. 2020. “Out of the shower and waiting for the police”: what’s wrong with the application “Action at home”? Hromadske. Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/vijshov-z-dushu-j- ochikuvav-na-policiyu-sho-ne-tak-z-dodatkom-dij-vdoma. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
SERVICK, Kelly. 2020. COVID-19 contact tracing apps are coming to a phone near you. How will we know whether they work? Science. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc9379. Consultation date:
27/05/2021.
SHIROKOVA, Alla. 2021. “Let’s not let buses with coronavirus in Sanzhari”- exactly a year has passed since the “crazy” protests that shook the country. Available online. In: https://www.0532.ua/news/3029035/ ne-pustimo-u-sanzari-avtobusi-z-koronovirusom-minuv-rivno-rik- pisla-kovidnih-protestiv-aki-skolihnuli-krainu. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TADDEO, Mariarosaria. 2020. “The Ethical Governance of the Digital During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic” In: Minds & Machines. No. 30, pp. 171-176. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020- 09528-5 .Consultation date: 27.05.2021
TING, Daniel, LAWRENCE, Carin, DZAU, Viktor, & WONG, Tien. 2020. Digital technology and COVID-19. Nature Medicine. Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 459- 461. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
TREIN, Philipp. 2020. The paradox of prevention: authoritarian past and liberal democracy in times of crisis. Available online. In: http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3625523. Consultation date: 12/09/2020.
UKRINFORM. 2020. The ICRC told how the Kremlin propaganda was experimenting with the fears of the Ukrainians. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/3194436-u-mkip-rozpovili- ak-propaganda-kremla-eksperimentue-zi-strahami-ukrainciv.html. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human- rights/.Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/ documents/convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1967. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Available online. In: http://www.un.org.ua/images/International_ Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_CCPR_eng1.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2003. Declaration on Freedom of Communication on the Internet. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/3k9RXiW.Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2005. Declaration on human rights and the rule of law in the Information Society. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/t/dgap/goodgovernance/Activities/Public_participation_ internet_governance/Declaration-Information-Society/011_ DeclarationFinal%20text_en.asp. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2011. Declaration on Internet governance principles. Available online. In: https://bit.ly/2MenUtT. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 2016. On the promotion, protection, and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. Available online. In: https://www.article19.org/data/files/Internet_Statement_Adopted.pdf. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1984. Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/80731-10. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1992. On Information: Law 2657-XII. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12/ conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 1996. Constitution of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2003. The Civil Code. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15/conv#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2004. On Telecommunications: Law 1280-IV. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/1280-15#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2011. On Access to Public Information: Law 2939-VI. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2939-17#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2017. On the Constitutional Court: Law. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/422/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2020. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Law 540-IX. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/540-20. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
WESELOWSKY, Tony. 2021. Minsk, Moscow, And Beyond: Belarus Protests Reverberate on Russian Streets. Available online. In: https://www.rferl. org/a/31072626.html. Consultation date: 27/05/2021.
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Publicado
2021-10-05
Cómo citar
Kalitenko, O., Anikina, G., Spasova, E., & Shahaka, O. (2021). The restrictions of the freedom of information during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(70), 426-445. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3970.26
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