Comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and Poland
Keywords:
anti-corruption policy, Eastern Europe, legal analysis, prevention of corruption, specialized anti-corruption body
Abstract
Effective counteraction to corruption remains relevant in some countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, given that manifestations of corruption are a real obstacle to the realization of human rights, social justice, economic development and jeopardizes the proper functioning of a market economy. However, if such countries of the region, such as Poland, succeeded in ensuring the implementation of an effective anti-corruption policy, a number of post-Soviet countries, in particular Ukraine, faced significant obstacles to overcoming corruption and effectively implementing national anti-corruption policies. Therefore, within this article, a comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation of these countries has been carried out. The state of implementation of national anti-corruption policies and the formulated conclusions, which provide answers to the questions of improving the implementation of national anti-corruption policy, in particular Ukraine, are considered. Thus, the existence of modern national anti-corruption legislation that best meets the requirements and recommendations on which the state relies on relevant international treaties can be the key to successful anti-corruption efforts.
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References
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Civil Law Convention on Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/174. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CONFORTY. B. 1993. International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal System. Dorderecht, Netherlands.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. On June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2% D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Criminal Law Convention On Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full- list/-/conventions/treaty/173. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2012. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 1001/2011. 2011. (On the National Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2011-2015). 2011. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1001/2011. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 217/2015. 2015. (On the Establishment of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine).
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 218/2015. 2015. (About the appointment of A. Sitnik as Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine). ON AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE ACTS OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE AND THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR
CORRUPTION PREVENTION. 2015. Available online. In: https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/198-19. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1997. Resolution (97) 24 On the Twenty Guiding Principles For The Fight Against Corruption. Available online. In: https://polis.osce.org/node/4681. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
APPENDIX TO RESOLUTION. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Resolution (99) 5 Establishing the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). 1999. Available online. In: https://rm.coe.int/16806cd24f. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 1240. 2011. (On Approval of State Program for Prevention and Counteraction Corruption 2011-2015) 2011 (Ukr). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1240-2011-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 265. 2015. (On Approval of the State Program for Implementing Principles of State Anti- Corruption Policy in Ukraine (Anti-Corruption Strategy) for 2015-2017). 2015. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/265- 2015-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
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CBA. 2016. Map of corruption. Available online. In: https://cba.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/ Mapa%20korupcji%202016.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CHRISTENSEN, John; SHAXSON, Nicholas; BAKER, Raymond. 2008. Catching up with corruption. The American Interest vol. 4 (1). Available online. In: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/09/01/ catching-up-with-corruption/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DE VEL, Guy; CSONKA, Peter. 2002. The Council of Europe Activities against Corruption. Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement. Ed. by Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Humberts. Kluwer Law International. The Hague/ London/New York.
FALKNER, Gerda; TREIB, Oliver. 2008. “Three Worlds of Compliance or Four? The EU-15 Compared to New Member States” In: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 2, No. 46, pp. 293–313.
FEDORKO, Oleh. 2019. “Independence of National Anti-corruption Bureau: myth or reality”. In: Journal of Actual problems of domestic jurisprudence 2019: Special issue. рр. 108-111. Available online. In: http://apnl.dnu. in.ua/2019/31.pdf. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
FUNDACJĄ PANOPTYKON. 2015. The Constitutional Court with the eyes of Panoptykon. Available online. In: https://panoptykon.org/wiadomosc/ trybunal-konstytucyjny-okiem-panoptykonu. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GALTUNG, Fredrik. 2005. Measuring the immeasurable: boundaries and functions of (macro) corruption indices. Available online. In: http:// www.anti-corruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Galtung- Measuring-the-Immeasurable.pdf. Consultation date: 29/03/2021
GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2019. Uniform report on criminal offenses in January-December 2018. Available online. In: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/stst2011.html?dir_id=113653&libid=100820&c=edit&_c=fo. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GRECO. 2017. Evaluation report Ukraine. Available online. In: https:// rm.coe.int/grecoeval4rep-2016-9-fourth-evaluation-round-corruption- prevention-in-/1680737207. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
HROMADSKE TV. 2018. Five NACP scandals: what the head of the agency Natalia Korchak remembered. Available online. In: https://hromadske. ua/posts/5-skandaliv-nazk-chym-zapamiatalasia-ochilnytsia-ahentstva-nataliia-korchak. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JOHNSTON, Michael. 2011. Why do so many Anti-corruption efforts fail. Available online. In: http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/ files/upload_documents/NYU-Annual-Survey-67-3-Johnston.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF POLAND. 2009. Ref. K 54/07 (June 23, 2009). Available online. In: https://trybunal.gov. pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/4929-definicja-ustawowa- korupcji-zasady-zbierania-danych-osobowych-i-prowadzenia- dzialalnosci-kontro. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
KHMARA, Oleksij. 2013. The state program to prevent and combat corruption for 2011-2015 worth more than UAH 820 million may remain in the status of “filkin’s diploma”. Available online. In: https://m.tyzhden.ua/ publication/78657. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
KLITGAARD, Robert; MACLEAN-ABAROA, Ronald; PARRIS H., Lindsey. 2000. Corrupt cities: a practical guide to cure and prevention. Institute for Con6temporary Studies. Oakland, California.
KOLOMIETS, Victoria. 2019. «Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine Sytnyk entered in the register of corrupt officials». Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/direktora-nabu-sitnika-vnesli- do-reyestru-korupcioneriv Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
LANDELL-MILLS, Pierre. 2013. Citizens against corruption. Report from the front line. Partnership for Transparency Funding. UK.
LEDENEVA, Alena; BRATU, Roxana; KÖKER, Philipp. 2017. “Corruption studies for the twenty-first century: paradigm shifts and innovative approaches” In: The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 1, No. 95, pp. 1-20.
NABU. 2018. NABU report for the first half of 2018. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/zvit_10.08.2018_sayt.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NACP. 2017. Analytical Report on the implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2014-2017 and the State Program on the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy Principles. Available online. In: https:// nazk.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/2017/%D0%BC. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NIKOLAENKO, Tetiana. 2019. The quiet death of Holodnitsky fishes. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/news/2019/01/18/417465_tiha_smert_ribok_ holodnitskogo.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
OBURA, Ken. 2014. Unmasking the phenomenon of corruption: perspectives from legal theory. SPECULUM JURIS 2014 (1). Available online. In: https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101207/http://www.ufh.ac.za/ speculumjuris/files/pdf/SJ1614_1.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGY FOR 2018-2020. 2018. Available online. In: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63942. Consultation date: 12/03/2021. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE CENTRAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU. 2006. Available online. In: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id= WDU20061040708. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE. 2014. Available onlaine. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1698-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY. 2006. Available online. In: http://www.lexlege.pl/ustawa-o-zasadach-prowadzenia-polityki- rozwoju/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN UKRAINE (ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY) FOR 2014-2017. 2014. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1699-18/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
PIECZONKA, Jarosław. 2016. Miami - former counterintelligence agent: For the previous PiS government, the CBA’s activities were good, but the implementation was poor. Natemat.pl. Available online. https:// natemat.pl/178315,majami-byly-agent-kontrwywiadu-za-poprzednich- rzadow-pis-kierunki-dzialan-cba-byly-dobre-ale-realizacja-slaba. Consultation date: 28/03/2021
POLIKOVSKAYA, Yulia. 2017. One-third of Ukrainians find justification for corruption to resolve personal cases. Available online. In: https://zaxid. net/33_ukrayintsiv_vvazhayut_koruptsiyu_chastinoyu_traditsiy_ n1439644. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
POPE, Jeremy. 2011. Fighting Corruption: Elements of the System of State Integrity. Planet-Print Ltd. Rivne, Ukraine.
POYNTING, Scott; WHYTE, David. 2017. “Special edition: Corruption downunder – guest editors’ introduction” In: International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Vol. 6, No.4, pp. 1-11.
PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2014. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1700-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY 2. 2018. SAP claims clashes with NABU. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-nabu-sap/29498763.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY. 2018. “Schemes” captured the night at Sitnik’s home at President Poroshenko. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda. org/a/news-schemes/29359771.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
SEREMET, Andrzej. 2016. Report of the Prosecutor General from the annual activity in 2015. General Prosecutor’s office. Available online. In: https://pk.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/901ad60fac337 b0a1f096eacd0cb757f.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
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CONFORTY. B. 1993. International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal System. Dorderecht, Netherlands.
CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. On June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2% D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Criminal Law Convention On Corruption. 1999. Available online. In: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full- list/-/conventions/treaty/173. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2012. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651-17. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 1001/2011. 2011. (On the National Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2011-2015). 2011. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1001/2011. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 217/2015. 2015. (On the Establishment of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine).
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 218/2015. 2015. (About the appointment of A. Sitnik as Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine). ON AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE ACTS OF UKRAINE TO ENSURE THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE AND THE NATIONAL AGENCY FOR
CORRUPTION PREVENTION. 2015. Available online. In: https:// zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/198-19. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1997. Resolution (97) 24 On the Twenty Guiding Principles For The Fight Against Corruption. Available online. In: https://polis.osce.org/node/4681. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
APPENDIX TO RESOLUTION. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 1999. Resolution (99) 5 Establishing the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). 1999. Available online. In: https://rm.coe.int/16806cd24f. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 1240. 2011. (On Approval of State Program for Prevention and Counteraction Corruption 2011-2015) 2011 (Ukr). Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/1240-2011-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS No. 265. 2015. (On Approval of the State Program for Implementing Principles of State Anti- Corruption Policy in Ukraine (Anti-Corruption Strategy) for 2015-2017). 2015. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/265- 2015-%D0%BF. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION. 2003. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Available online. In: https://www. unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08- 50026_E.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ANTI-CORRUPTIONPROGRAM2018-2020.2017.Availableonline.In:http:// gamma.infor.pl/zalaczniki/mpo/2018/003/mpo.2018.003.012.0001. pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BANAKHIEVICH, Yurii. 2017. Poland and corruption: The life of officials will be “discovered” by law. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform. ua/rubric-world/2222765-polsa-ikorupcia-zitta-cinovnikiv-vidkriut- zakonom.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BARDACHOV, Yurii. 2014. Anti-corruption reform in Ukraine as a significant factor ensuring national security. Theory and Practice of Public Administration and Local Government 2014 (2). Available online. In: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ttpdu_2014_2_3. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
BOYKO, Vladimir. 2018. The apartment issue of Artem Sitnik. Available online. In: https://ord-ua.com/2018/04/13/kvartirne-pitannya-artema- sitnika/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CBA. 2016. Map of corruption. Available online. In: https://cba.gov.pl/ftp/pdf/ Mapa%20korupcji%202016.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
CHRISTENSEN, John; SHAXSON, Nicholas; BAKER, Raymond. 2008. Catching up with corruption. The American Interest vol. 4 (1). Available online. In: https://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/09/01/ catching-up-with-corruption/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
DE VEL, Guy; CSONKA, Peter. 2002. The Council of Europe Activities against Corruption. Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement. Ed. by Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Humberts. Kluwer Law International. The Hague/ London/New York.
FALKNER, Gerda; TREIB, Oliver. 2008. “Three Worlds of Compliance or Four? The EU-15 Compared to New Member States” In: Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 2, No. 46, pp. 293–313.
FEDORKO, Oleh. 2019. “Independence of National Anti-corruption Bureau: myth or reality”. In: Journal of Actual problems of domestic jurisprudence 2019: Special issue. рр. 108-111. Available online. In: http://apnl.dnu. in.ua/2019/31.pdf. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
FUNDACJĄ PANOPTYKON. 2015. The Constitutional Court with the eyes of Panoptykon. Available online. In: https://panoptykon.org/wiadomosc/ trybunal-konstytucyjny-okiem-panoptykonu. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GALTUNG, Fredrik. 2005. Measuring the immeasurable: boundaries and functions of (macro) corruption indices. Available online. In: http:// www.anti-corruption.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Galtung- Measuring-the-Immeasurable.pdf. Consultation date: 29/03/2021
GENERAL PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF UKRAINE. 2019. Uniform report on criminal offenses in January-December 2018. Available online. In: https://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/stst2011.html?dir_id=113653&libid=100820&c=edit&_c=fo. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
GRECO. 2017. Evaluation report Ukraine. Available online. In: https:// rm.coe.int/grecoeval4rep-2016-9-fourth-evaluation-round-corruption- prevention-in-/1680737207. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
HROMADSKE TV. 2018. Five NACP scandals: what the head of the agency Natalia Korchak remembered. Available online. In: https://hromadske. ua/posts/5-skandaliv-nazk-chym-zapamiatalasia-ochilnytsia-ahentstva-nataliia-korchak. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JOHNSTON, Michael. 2011. Why do so many Anti-corruption efforts fail. Available online. In: http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/ files/upload_documents/NYU-Annual-Survey-67-3-Johnston.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF POLAND. 2009. Ref. K 54/07 (June 23, 2009). Available online. In: https://trybunal.gov. pl/postepowanie-i-orzeczenia/wyroki/art/4929-definicja-ustawowa- korupcji-zasady-zbierania-danych-osobowych-i-prowadzenia- dzialalnosci-kontro. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
KHMARA, Oleksij. 2013. The state program to prevent and combat corruption for 2011-2015 worth more than UAH 820 million may remain in the status of “filkin’s diploma”. Available online. In: https://m.tyzhden.ua/ publication/78657. Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
KLITGAARD, Robert; MACLEAN-ABAROA, Ronald; PARRIS H., Lindsey. 2000. Corrupt cities: a practical guide to cure and prevention. Institute for Con6temporary Studies. Oakland, California.
KOLOMIETS, Victoria. 2019. «Director of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine Sytnyk entered in the register of corrupt officials». Available online. In: https://hromadske.ua/posts/direktora-nabu-sitnika-vnesli- do-reyestru-korupcioneriv Consultation date: 28/01/2021.
LANDELL-MILLS, Pierre. 2013. Citizens against corruption. Report from the front line. Partnership for Transparency Funding. UK.
LEDENEVA, Alena; BRATU, Roxana; KÖKER, Philipp. 2017. “Corruption studies for the twenty-first century: paradigm shifts and innovative approaches” In: The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 1, No. 95, pp. 1-20.
NABU. 2018. NABU report for the first half of 2018. Available online. In: https://nabu.gov.ua/sites/default/files/reports/zvit_10.08.2018_sayt.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NACP. 2017. Analytical Report on the implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2014-2017 and the State Program on the Implementation of the Anti-Corruption Strategy Principles. Available online. In: https:// nazk.gov.ua/sites/default/files/docs/2017/%D0%BC. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
NIKOLAENKO, Tetiana. 2019. The quiet death of Holodnitsky fishes. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/news/2019/01/18/417465_tiha_smert_ribok_ holodnitskogo.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
OBURA, Ken. 2014. Unmasking the phenomenon of corruption: perspectives from legal theory. SPECULUM JURIS 2014 (1). Available online. In: https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101207/http://www.ufh.ac.za/ speculumjuris/files/pdf/SJ1614_1.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGY FOR 2018-2020. 2018. Available online. In: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=63942. Consultation date: 12/03/2021. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE CENTRAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU. 2006. Available online. In: http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id= WDU20061040708. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE. 2014. Available onlaine. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1698-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT POLICY. 2006. Available online. In: http://www.lexlege.pl/ustawa-o-zasadach-prowadzenia-polityki- rozwoju/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
ON THE PRINCIPLES OF STATE ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN UKRAINE (ANTICORRUPTION STRATEGY) FOR 2014-2017. 2014. Available online. In: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1699-18/. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
PIECZONKA, Jarosław. 2016. Miami - former counterintelligence agent: For the previous PiS government, the CBA’s activities were good, but the implementation was poor. Natemat.pl. Available online. https:// natemat.pl/178315,majami-byly-agent-kontrwywiadu-za-poprzednich- rzadow-pis-kierunki-dzialan-cba-byly-dobre-ale-realizacja-slaba. Consultation date: 28/03/2021
POLIKOVSKAYA, Yulia. 2017. One-third of Ukrainians find justification for corruption to resolve personal cases. Available online. In: https://zaxid. net/33_ukrayintsiv_vvazhayut_koruptsiyu_chastinoyu_traditsiy_ n1439644. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
POPE, Jeremy. 2011. Fighting Corruption: Elements of the System of State Integrity. Planet-Print Ltd. Rivne, Ukraine.
POYNTING, Scott; WHYTE, David. 2017. “Special edition: Corruption downunder – guest editors’ introduction” In: International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy. Vol. 6, No.4, pp. 1-11.
PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION. 2014. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1700-18. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY 2. 2018. SAP claims clashes with NABU. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-nabu-sap/29498763.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
RADIO LIBERTY. 2018. “Schemes” captured the night at Sitnik’s home at President Poroshenko. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda. org/a/news-schemes/29359771.html. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
SEREMET, Andrzej. 2016. Report of the Prosecutor General from the annual activity in 2015. General Prosecutor’s office. Available online. In: https://pk.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/901ad60fac337 b0a1f096eacd0cb757f.pdf. Consultation date: 28/03/2021.
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Published
2021-07-09
How to Cite
Zakharova, O., Harasymiv, O., Sosnina, O., Soroka, O., & Zaiets, I. (2021). Comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and Poland. Political Questions, 39(69), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.05
Section
Derecho Público
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