International Legal Problems of Qualification of Armed Conflicts
Keywords:
armed conflict, war, crime’s war, hybrid warfare, International Criminal Court
Abstract
The article addresses the qualification problems of armed conflicts. The study was conducted through the analysis of international legal doctrine, international treaties, decisions of international organizations. Attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court. It is noted that International Humanitarian Law has been in place since the beginning of the armed conflict. Therefore, the application of International Humanitarian Law does not require any recognition of the existence of armed conflict (international or non-international); this conflict exists because of armed clashes. It is emphasized that the need to classify the conflict arises in view of domestic and international legal factors (to bring to international criminal justice those who have committed war crimes; state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, etc.). Attention was paid to the non-existence of a single body, which was empowered to determine the existence of an armed conflict. Different international agencies may have different qualifications for the same armed conflict. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a Committee of Experts under the UN Secretary-General, to avoid different qualifications from the same armed conflict.
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References
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ZIADEH, Radwan. 2019. Accountability in Syria: Achieving Transitional Justice in a Postconflict Society. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham.
ZWITTER, Andrej; LAMONT, Christopher K; HEINTZE, Hans-Joachim; HERMAN, Joost. 2015. Humanitarian Action: Global, Regional and Domestic Legal Responses. University Press. Cambridge, England.
ANTONYUK, Natalya; MALSKYY, Markiyan. 2016. “Russia’s Hybrid Warfare against Ukraine in the context Of European Security” In: Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series International Relations. No. 38, pp 23–42.
ARAKELIAN, Minas; BEKHRUZ, Khashmatulla; YAROVA, Liliana.2020. “Prohibited means and methods of armed conflicts” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 9, No. 26, pp. 349-355.
ARMSTRONG, John A. 1968. “A. Collaborationism in World War II: The Integral Nationalist Variant in Eastern Europe” Journal of Modern History. Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 396-410.
BERNARD, Vincent. 2014. “Delineating the boundaries of violence” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 96, No. 893, pp 5–11.
BLANK, Laurie; NOONE, Gregory P. 2018. International Law and Armed Conflict: Fundamental Principles and Contemporary Challenges in the Law of War. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. New York, USA.
BOUVIER, Antoine A. 1986. “The application of international humanitarian law particularly in mixed conflicts” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 26, No. 251, pp. 129–130.
CAMERON, Iain. 2008. Individual Responsibility under National and International Law for the Conduct of Armed Conflict. Ola Engdahl, Pål Wrange eds. Law at war: the law as it was and the law as it should be. BRILL. Leiden and Boston, USA.
CASSESE, Antonio. 2009. The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press. Oxford, England.
CELSO, Anthony. 2019. “Superpower Hybrid Warfare in Syria” In: The Marine Corps gazett. Vol. 9, No. 2, pp 92-116.
DJUKIĆ, Draža; PONS, Niccolò. 2018. A Companion to International Humanitarian Law. BRILL. Leiden and Boston, USA.
DORIA, Jose; GASSER, Hans-Peter; BASSIOUNI, Mahmoud Cherif. 2009. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Professor Igor Blishchenko. BRILL. Leiden and Boston, USA.
DZHAFAROVA, Maryna; IVANOVA, Hanna; ZAHORODNIUK, Svitlana; ZAIETS, Uliana. 2020. “Ensuring Public Order during the Court Hearings in the Context of Reforming the Judicial System of Ukraine” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 9, No. 32, pp 10-17.
UNITED NATIONS, SECURITY COUNCIL. 1994. Final Report of the Commission of Experts established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780. 1992. Annex to the Letter dated 24 May 1994 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council (27 May 1994, UN Doc.: S/1994/674). Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/1994/674. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
GILL, Terry D; FLECK, Dieter. 2015. The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations. Oxford University Press. Oxford, England.
GLOBAL RIGHTS COMPLIANCE. 2016. The Domestic Implementation of International Humanitarian Law in Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.globalrightscompliance.com/uploads/e6f0ccd036b6f83ffe2b94f3e19983e0.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
HOFFMAN, Frank. G. 2009. “Hybrid Warfare and Challenges” In: Small Wars Journal. No. 52, pp. 34-39.
HOON, Marieke. 2017. “Navigating the Legal Horizon: Lawyering the MH17 Disaster” In: Utrecht Journal of International and European Law. Vol. 33, No. 84, pp 90-119.
ICRC. 2011. Fundamentals of IHL. Available online. In: https://casebook.icrc.org/law/fundamentals-ihl#b_iii_1. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
ICRC. 2008. Opinion Paper. How is the Term "Armed Conflict" Defined in International Humanitarian Law? International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Available online. In: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/opinion-paper-armed-conflict.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
ICRC. 2011. Internationalized internal armed conflict. Available online. In: https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/internationalized-internal-armed-conflict. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
IQBAL, Saghir. 2018. Hybrid Warfare and its Impact on Pakistan's Security: Hybrid Warfare and its Impact on Pakistan's Security. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. California, USA.
JOSAN, Andrei; VOICU, Cristina. 2015. “Hybrid Wars in the Age of Asymmetric Conflicts” In: Review of the Air Force Academy. Vol. 28, No. 1, pp 49–52.
KOLB, Andreas S. 2017. The UN Security Council Members' Responsibility to Protect: A Legal Analysis. Springer. Berlin.
KOLB, Robert; Hyde, Richard. 2008. An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts. Bloomsbury Publishing. Oxford and Portland, England.
KONFORTA, Marijana; VAJDA, Maja Munivrana. 2014. The Principle of Complementarity in the Jurisprudence of the ICC. In: Zagreb Law Review. No. 3/1. pp 9–28.
LANOSZKA, Alexander. 2016.” Russian hybrid warfare and extended deterrence in eastern Europe” In: International Affairs. No. 92 (1), pp. 175–195.
LUBAN, David; O'SULLIVAN, Julie R; STEWART, David. P. 2018. International and Transnational Criminal Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands.
MELZER, Nils. 2016. International humanitarian law: a comprehensive introduction. ICRC.
MURRAY, Daragh. 2016. Practitioners' Guide to Human Rights Law in Armed Conflict. University Press. Oxford, England.
NWACHUKWU, Okubor Cecil. 2014. “Armed conflict under international humanitarian law” In: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence. Vol, 5, pp 62–74.
PETERS, Anne. 2016. Beyond Human Rights: The Legal Status of the Individual in International Law. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.
PIOTROWSKI, Marcin Andrzej. 2015. “Hezbollah: The Model of a Hybrid Threat” In: PISM Bulletin. No. 24, pp 1–2.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2016. Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Situation in Mali. ICC-01/12-01/15, Judgment and Sentence. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2016_07244.PDF. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2018. Prosecutor v. Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud, Situation in Mali. ICC-01/12-01/18. Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for the Issuance of a Warrant of Arrest for Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahm-oud. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2018_05010.PDF. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2016. Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Situation in Uganda. ICC-02/04-01/15. Decision on the confirmation of charges against Dominic Ongwen. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2016_02331.PDF. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2014. Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga. ICC-01/04-01/07, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Judgment pursuant to article 74 of the Statute. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2015_04025.PDF.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 2001. Prosecutor v. Kordić & Čerkez: Case No. IT-95-14/2-T: Judgement. Available online. In: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/tjug/en/kor-tj010226e.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 2008. Prosecutor v. Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj, Lahi Brahimaj. Case No. IT-04-84-T. Judgement. Available online. In: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/haradinaj/tjug/en/080403.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 2000. Prosecutor v. T. Blaskić: Case No.: IT-95-14-T: Judgement. Available online. In: https://www.icty.org/x/cases/blaskic/tjug/en/bla-tj000303e.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2007. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ICC-01/04-01/06. Decision on the confirmation of charges. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2007_02360.PDF. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. 2012. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ICC-01/04-01/06. Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute. Available online. In: https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2012_03942.PDF. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RADOSAVLJEVIC, Dragana. 2008. “Overview of the ICC Complementarity Regime” In: USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law. No. 1, pp. 125–148.
RESOLUTION 1593. 2005. United Nations Security Council. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/1593(2005). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 1970. 2011. United Nations Security Council, 26 February 2011. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/1970%20(2011). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 2042. 2012. United Nations Security Council, 14 April 2012. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2042(2012). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 2139. 2014. United Nations Security Council, 22 February 2014. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2139(2014). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 2259. 2015. United Nations Security Council, 23 December 2015. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/RES/2259(2015). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 771. 1992. United Nations Security Council, 13 August 1992. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/RES/771(1992). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 780. 1992. United Nations Security Council, 6 October 1992. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/RES/780(1992). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 827. 1993. United Nations Security Council, 25 May 1993. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/827(1993). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 884. 1993. United Nations Security Council, 12 November 1993. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/S/RES/884(1993). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
RESOLUTION 918. 1994. United Nations Security Council, 17 May 1994. Available online. In: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/918(1994). Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
SCHINDLER, Dietrich. 1982. “International humanitarian law and internationalized internal armed conflicts” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 22, No. 230, pp. 255–264.
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA. 1994. Adopted 8 November 1994 by Security Council Resolution 955 (1994). Available online. In: https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/ictr_EF.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. 1993. Adopted 25 May 1993 by Security Council Resolution 827 (1993). Available online. In: https://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
STATUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS. 2018. Adopted on 21 December 2017 and came into force on 1 January 2018. Available online. In: Retrieved from: https://www.icrc.org/en/download/file/63668/icrc-statutes-01-2018.pdf. Consultation date: 27/01/2020.
STEWART, James. G. 2003. “Towards a Single Definition of Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law: a Critique of Internationalized Armed Conflict” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 85, No. 850, pp 313-349.
THÜRER, Daniel. 2011. International Humanitarian Law: Theory, Practice, Context. BRILL. Leiden and Boston, USA.
TILEUBERGENOV, Erazak Manapovich. 2016. “Political and Legal Defining the Regulations of War in the Hague Convention of 1907” In: Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics. Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 660-671.
VITE, Sylvain. 2009. “Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations3” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 91, No. 873, pp 69-94.
WELCH, David. 2017. World War II Propaganda: Analyzing the Art of Persuasion during Wartime. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara, USA.
WILMSHURST, Elizabeth. 2012. International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. OUP. Oxford, England.
YOUNG, Kirsten. 2001. “UNHCR and ICRC in the former Yugoslavia: Bosnia-Herzegovina” In: International Review of the Red Cross. Vol. 83, No. 843, pp. 781-805.
ZIADEH, Radwan. 2019. Accountability in Syria: Achieving Transitional Justice in a Postconflict Society. Rowman & Littlefield. Lanham.
ZWITTER, Andrej; LAMONT, Christopher K; HEINTZE, Hans-Joachim; HERMAN, Joost. 2015. Humanitarian Action: Global, Regional and Domestic Legal Responses. University Press. Cambridge, England.
Published
2021-03-08
How to Cite
Buromenskiy, M., & Gutnyk, V. (2021). International Legal Problems of Qualification of Armed Conflicts. Political Questions, 39(68), 735-757. Retrieved from https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/article/view/35447
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Derecho Público
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