Transformation of civil society in the context of political radicalism in eastern Europe
Transformación de la sociedad civil en el contexto del radicalismo político en Europa del Este
Palabras clave:
nacionalismo, xenofobia, extremismo, nivel crítico de radicalización, cultura de protesta
Resumen
El objetivo del artículo fue identificar el estado actual del proceso de transformación de la sociedad civil en el contexto del radicalismo político en Europa del Este. El derecho comparado y el análisis estadístico fueron las principales herramientas metodológicas. La investigación mostró que el desarrollo del radicalismo político en Europa del Este conduce a la transformación de la sociedad civil. Un público más persistente y contencioso plantea nuevas demandas al proceso político. También crea tensiones y conflictos multidimensionales. Los representantes del radicalismo ganan posiciones fuertes en el entorno político de la sociedad al apoyar el antiliberalismo, el etnonacionalismo, las guerras culturales y el conocimiento alternativo. El proceso de fusión del radicalismo militante y violento con el etnonacionalismo familiar está en curso en los países de Europa del Este. Se concluye que este fenómeno requiere la implementación constante de estrategias políticas, legales y de seguridad para prevenir manifestaciones de radicalismo político. Se establecieron la idoneidad y las perspectivas de las actividades de la Red de Sensibilización sobre laRadicalización, desarrollada por la Unión Europea.
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DELLA CROCE, Yoann; NICOLE-BERVA, Ophelia. 2021. “Civil Disobedience in Times of Pandemic: Clarifying Rights and Duties” In: Criminal law and philosophy, PMC8318054. Available online. In: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8318054/. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
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LIPHSHIZ, Cnaan. 2018. “Report: Ukraine had more anti-Semitic incidents than all former Soviet countries combined” Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Available online. In: https://www.jta.org/2018/01/28/israel/report- ukraine-had-more-anti-semitic-incidents-than-all-former-soviet- countries-combined. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MARKER. 2021. Far-right confrontations and violence. Results of monitoring in 2020. Results of monitoring in 2020. Available online. In: https:// violence-marker.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/paper-ua-2021.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MARKER. 2022. Far-right confrontations and violence. Results of monitoring in 2021. Results of monitoring in 2021. Available online. In: https:// violence-marker.org.ua/blog/2022/06/03/ultrapravi-konfrontacziyi- ta-nasylstvo-u-2021-roczi/. Consultation date: 11/05/2022.
MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE. 2021. Reforming youth policy in accordance with modern demands of youth and the state. Annual report to the President of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the situation of youth in Ukraine (following the results of 2012–2021). Available online. In: https://mms. gov.ua/storage/app/sites/16/Molodizhna_polityka/dopovid-molod- 2012-2021-pdf.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MÖRNER, Ninna (ed.). 2022. The Many Faces of the Far Right in the Post- Communist Space: A Comparative Study of Far-Right Movements and Identity in the Region. CBEES State of the Region Report 2021. Available online. In: https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1640388/ FULLTEXT01.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MUKHITOV, Orynbassar; SHAUKENOVA, Zarema; KABUL, Oralbay; YESHNIYAZOVA, Ainur; BAIGABYLOV, Nurlan. 2022. “Structural measures to prevent radicalism among youth” In: Journal of Community Psychology. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 1123-1134.
MUXEL, Anne. 2020. “Political Radicalism Among the Younger Generations” In: Youth and Globalization. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 123-136.
NUSSMAN, David. 2019. Persecution continues for Polish Catholic teen. ChurchMilitant.com. Available online. In: https://www.churchmilitant. com/news/article/persecution-for-young-catholic-in-poland. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
PRISLAN, Kaja; BOROVEC, Krunoslav; CAJNER MRAOVIĆ, Irena. 2020. “The Role of Civil Society and Communities in Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation” In: Police and Security. Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 223–245.
RABOTYAZHEV, Nikolay. 2020. “Far-right Radicalism in Ukraine in Past and Present” In: Post-Soviet Issues. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-531.
RAZUMKOV CENTER PROJECT. 2020. Ukraine’s party system after 2019: key features and prospects for further development. Kyiv. Available online. In: https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2020_part_sistem.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SADOVSKAVA, Lyubov; FAKHRUTDINOVA, Naila; KOCHANOVA, Tatiana. 2019. “Global political destabilization and modern civic protest movements in sub-Saharan Africa” In: Journal of Globalization Studies. Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 77-90.
SMAZNOVA, Iryna. 2021. Violence and tolerance: a philosophical and legal study. Doctoral dissertation. Odesa. Available online. In: http://dspace. onua.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/11300/14487/%D0%94%D0%B8% D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1% 8F%20%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE% D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF% D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SOCIOLOGICAL GROUP RATING. 2018. Socio-political moods of the population: new challenges. Available online. In: https://ratinggroup. ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ukraine_042018_press_ua.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SURAYA, Мansur; MULYANA, Ahmad. 2020. “Radicalism on Teens as the effect of Digital Media Usage” In: Journal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication. Vol. 36, pp. 76-89.
UMLAND, Andreas. 2020. “Ukrainian radical nationalists before and after Euromaidan: from right-wing party policy to “non-civil” society” In: Historiographical research in Ukraine. Vol. 31, pp. 148-207.
UNITED NATIONS. 2016. Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016. Available online. In: https:// www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/UA/ Ukraine_13th_HRMMU_Report_3March2016.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VASILCHUK, Yevgen. 2016. Youth political radicalism and extremism in modern Ukraine. Doctoral dissertation. Kyiv. Available online. In: https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Vasylchuk_Yevhen/Molodizhnyi_politychnyi_radykalizm_ta_ekstremizm_u_suchasnii_Ukraini. pdf?PHPSESSID=0ul9khvetsgurr0artcmrs3u05. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2018. On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469- 19#n355. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021. On the National Youth Strategy until 2030. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/94/2021#Text. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021a. On the Basic Principles of Youth Policy. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1414- 20#Text. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
BURCHETT, Julia; WEYEMBERGH, Anne; THEODORAKAKOU, Georgia. 2022. “Counterterrorism policies, measures and tools in the EU. An assessment of the effectiveness of the EU counterterrorism policy” Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate- General for Internal Policies PE 730.581. Available online. In: https:// www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/730581/ IPOL_STU(2022)730581_EN.pdf. Consultation date: 11/05/2022.
CACCIATORE, Michael; YEO, Sara; SCHEUFELE, Dietram; XENOS, Michael; BROSSARD, Dominique; CORLEY, Elizabeth. 2018. “Is Facebook Making Us Dumber? Exploring Social Media Use as a Predictor of Political Knowledge” In: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 404-424.
CASAL BÉRTOA, Fernando; RAMA, José. 2021. “Polarization: What Do We Know and What Can We Do About It?” In: Frontiers in Political Science. Vol. 3, No. 687695.
COSSA, Alvaro Simao; POLOWCZYK, Jan; ORIEKHOVA, Tetyana; KISTERSKY, Leonid; BURKINA, Natalia. 2021. “MNCs leadership in global hypercompetition” In: Ad Alta-Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 11, No. 2, Special Issue 20, pp. 159-164.
DELLA CROCE, Yoann; NICOLE-BERVA, Ophelia. 2021. “Civil Disobedience in Times of Pandemic: Clarifying Rights and Duties” In: Criminal law and philosophy, PMC8318054. Available online. In: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8318054/. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
DESRUES, Thierry; GOBE, Eric. 2021. “‘We don’t want to be governed like this anymore’: protest democracy as an expression of a crisis of governmentality in post-revolution Tunisia.” In: British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1080/1 3530194.2021.1996333. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2018. “Resolution of the Council of the European Union and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on a framework for European cooperation in the youth field: The European Union Youth Strategy 2019-2027 (2018/C 456/01).” In: Official Journal of the European Union, Vol. 61. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2018:456:FULL&from. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL. 2021. On approval of the State target social program “Youth of Ukraine” for 2021–2025 and amendments to some acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.kmu. gov.ua/npas/pro-zatverdzhennya-derzhavnoyi-cilovoyi-socialnoyi- programi-molod-ukrayini-na-20212025-roki-ta-vnesennya-zmin-do- deyakih-aktiv-kabinetu-ministriv-ukrayini-579-020621. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
ILKO KUCHERIV DEMOCRATIC INITIATIVES FOUNDATION. 2019. Who voted for whom: demography of the National Exit Poll in the 2019 parliamentary elections. Available online. In: https://dif.org.ua/article/ khto-za-kogo-progolosuvav-demografiya-natsionalnogo-ekzit-polu-na-Parlamentskikh-viborakh-2019?fbclid=IwAR1Dwb0ZtNljHrF2Wgo9 BRN0PCPSD09M8sFc9l6GQDBIOMu-ns3Ze-W0pRw. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
LIPHSHIZ, Cnaan. 2018. “Report: Ukraine had more anti-Semitic incidents than all former Soviet countries combined” Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Available online. In: https://www.jta.org/2018/01/28/israel/report- ukraine-had-more-anti-semitic-incidents-than-all-former-soviet- countries-combined. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MARKER. 2021. Far-right confrontations and violence. Results of monitoring in 2020. Results of monitoring in 2020. Available online. In: https:// violence-marker.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/paper-ua-2021.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MARKER. 2022. Far-right confrontations and violence. Results of monitoring in 2021. Results of monitoring in 2021. Available online. In: https:// violence-marker.org.ua/blog/2022/06/03/ultrapravi-konfrontacziyi- ta-nasylstvo-u-2021-roczi/. Consultation date: 11/05/2022.
MINISTRY OF YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE. 2021. Reforming youth policy in accordance with modern demands of youth and the state. Annual report to the President of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on the situation of youth in Ukraine (following the results of 2012–2021). Available online. In: https://mms. gov.ua/storage/app/sites/16/Molodizhna_polityka/dopovid-molod- 2012-2021-pdf.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MÖRNER, Ninna (ed.). 2022. The Many Faces of the Far Right in the Post- Communist Space: A Comparative Study of Far-Right Movements and Identity in the Region. CBEES State of the Region Report 2021. Available online. In: https://sh.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1640388/ FULLTEXT01.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
MUKHITOV, Orynbassar; SHAUKENOVA, Zarema; KABUL, Oralbay; YESHNIYAZOVA, Ainur; BAIGABYLOV, Nurlan. 2022. “Structural measures to prevent radicalism among youth” In: Journal of Community Psychology. Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 1123-1134.
MUXEL, Anne. 2020. “Political Radicalism Among the Younger Generations” In: Youth and Globalization. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 123-136.
NUSSMAN, David. 2019. Persecution continues for Polish Catholic teen. ChurchMilitant.com. Available online. In: https://www.churchmilitant. com/news/article/persecution-for-young-catholic-in-poland. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
PRISLAN, Kaja; BOROVEC, Krunoslav; CAJNER MRAOVIĆ, Irena. 2020. “The Role of Civil Society and Communities in Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalisation” In: Police and Security. Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 223–245.
RABOTYAZHEV, Nikolay. 2020. “Far-right Radicalism in Ukraine in Past and Present” In: Post-Soviet Issues. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-531.
RAZUMKOV CENTER PROJECT. 2020. Ukraine’s party system after 2019: key features and prospects for further development. Kyiv. Available online. In: https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2020_part_sistem.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SADOVSKAVA, Lyubov; FAKHRUTDINOVA, Naila; KOCHANOVA, Tatiana. 2019. “Global political destabilization and modern civic protest movements in sub-Saharan Africa” In: Journal of Globalization Studies. Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 77-90.
SMAZNOVA, Iryna. 2021. Violence and tolerance: a philosophical and legal study. Doctoral dissertation. Odesa. Available online. In: http://dspace. onua.edu.ua/bitstream/handle/11300/14487/%D0%94%D0%B8% D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1% 8F%20%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE% D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF% D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SOCIOLOGICAL GROUP RATING. 2018. Socio-political moods of the population: new challenges. Available online. In: https://ratinggroup. ua/files/ratinggroup/reg_files/rg_ukraine_042018_press_ua.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
SURAYA, Мansur; MULYANA, Ahmad. 2020. “Radicalism on Teens as the effect of Digital Media Usage” In: Journal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication. Vol. 36, pp. 76-89.
UMLAND, Andreas. 2020. “Ukrainian radical nationalists before and after Euromaidan: from right-wing party policy to “non-civil” society” In: Historiographical research in Ukraine. Vol. 31, pp. 148-207.
UNITED NATIONS. 2016. Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016. Available online. In: https:// www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/UA/ Ukraine_13th_HRMMU_Report_3March2016.pdf. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VASILCHUK, Yevgen. 2016. Youth political radicalism and extremism in modern Ukraine. Doctoral dissertation. Kyiv. Available online. In: https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Vasylchuk_Yevhen/Molodizhnyi_politychnyi_radykalizm_ta_ekstremizm_u_suchasnii_Ukraini. pdf?PHPSESSID=0ul9khvetsgurr0artcmrs3u05. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2018. On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469- 19#n355. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021. On the National Youth Strategy until 2030. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/94/2021#Text. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2021a. On the Basic Principles of Youth Policy. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1414- 20#Text. Consultation date: 15/02/2022.
Publicado
2022-10-11
Cómo citar
Madryha, T., Kornievskyy, O., Pereguda, Y., Bodrova, I., & Svorak, S. (2022). Transformation of civil society in the context of political radicalism in eastern Europe: Transformación de la sociedad civil en el contexto del radicalismo político en Europa del Este. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(74), 268-292. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.14
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