Garantía penal-legal de la libertad de religión en las condiciones modernas: un análisis comparativo

• Sophia Ya. Lykhova Head of the Department of Criminal Law and Process, National Aviation University
• Borys D. Leonov Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute of Special Equipment and Forensic Expertise, Security Service of Ukraine
• Tetiana D. Lysko Department of Criminal Law and Process, National Aviation University
• Natalya K. Shaptala Department of Constitutional Law and Human Rights, National Academy of Internal Affairs
• Sergiy I. Maksymov Department of Theory and Philosophy of Law, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University

Palabras clave: discriminación religiosa, responsabilidad penal, fenómeno legal, derechos humanos, diversidad cultural

Resumen

El objetivo del artículo fue analizar el derecho penal comparado en lo que respecta a la libertad de religión en Ucrania y algunos países. El tema del estudio es el derecho de una persona a la libertad de religión garantizada por la Constitución de Ucrania. En la realización de esta investigación, se utilizó ampliamente un método legal comparativo, que permitió un análisis de dos niveles (empírico y teórico) de los sistemas legales de Ucrania y algunos países más en términos de garantizar la libertad de religión por el derecho penal, para identificar los aspectos centrales y manifestaciones específicas de dicho apoyo y para determinar las pautas de desarrollo de la legislación penal de cada país. Como resultado de la investigación, se identificaron algunas lagunas y ventajas de la legislación ucraniana en términos de derecho penal que garantiza el derecho a la libertad de religión. Se concluye que el derecho penal moderno de Ucrania en general cumple con las normas internacionales para la protección del derecho constitucional de los ciudadanos a la libertad de religión, pero existen algunas deficiencias en términos de comprensión inequívoca de los elementos de los delitos que infringen la libertad de religión, quien vale la pena debatir.

Citas

ALONKIN, Oleksiy. 2010. The human constitutional right to freedom of thought and religion and guarantees of its implementation in Ukraine. National Academy of Internal Affairs. Kyiv, Ukraine.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE VERKHOVNA RADA ON THE STATE OF OBSERVANCE AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN UKRAINE. 2019. Available online. In: https://www.pfu.gov.ua/2121574-shhorichna-dopovid-upovnovazhenogo-verhovnoyi-rady-ukrayiny-z-prav-lyudyny-pro-stan-doderzhannya-ta-zahystu-prav-i-svobod-lyudyny-i-gromadyanyna-v-ukrayini-za-2019-rik-www-ombudsman-gov-ua/. Consultation date: 19/04/2020.

ARYAMOV, Andrey; RUEVA, Yevgeniya; PONOMARENKO, Vladimir. 2014. “Variation on the topic of criminal law protection of religious freedom in the Russian Federation”. In: Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. No. 3, pp. 4-16.

BELGIAN CRIMINAL CODE. 1867. On June 8. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/41/Belgium/show. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

BILASH, Oleksandr. 2015. Criminal legal characterization of illegal actions concerning religious buildings or shrines. Oleksandra Garkusha Publishing House. Uzhhorod, Ukraine.

BONDARENKO, Vadim. 2014. “Violation of the right to freedom of conscience and religion: the problem of determining the basis of criminal law protection”. In: Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. Vol. 2, No. 97, pp. 202-205.

BORZENKOV, Gennadiy; KOMYSSAROV, Vladimir. 2002. Criminal Law Course. Russian Federation: Zerczalo-M. Moscow, Russia.

CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1945. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/index.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE. 1996. On June 28. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2020.

CONVENTION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION. 1960. On December 14. Available online. In: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=12949&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD. 1989. On November 20. Available online. In: https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF ARGENTINA. 1984. On August 27. Available online. In: http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16546/texact.htm. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF GEORGIA. 1999. On July 22. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8540/file/Georgia_CC_2009_amAug2019_en.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF JAPAN. 1907. On April 24. Available online. In: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail_main?re=02&ia=03&vm=02&id=196. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF NORWAY. 1981. On May 22. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/11/Norway/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF SPAIN. 1995. On November 24. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/2/Spain/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. 1971. On May 15. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/28/Germany/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. 1994. On March 1. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/3316/file/France_Criminal%20Code%20updated%20on%2012-10-2005.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC. 1997. On October 1. Available online. In: https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=233. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE NETHERLANDS. 1881. On March 3. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/12/Netherlands/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. 1979. On July 1. Available online. In: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgvienna/eng/dbtyw/jdwt/crimelaw/t209043.htm. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN. 1999. On December 30. Available online. In: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/az/az017en.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS. 1999. On July 9. Available online. In: https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=1977. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA. 1968. On May 1. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8395/file/Bulgaria_Criminal_Code_1968_am2017_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN. 1997. On July 16. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/4986. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, on January 1, 1998. Available online. In: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f49e3ed4.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA. 1998. On June 17. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8266/file/Latvia_CC_1998_am2018_en.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA. 2000. On September 26. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8272/file/Lithuania_CC_2000_am2017_en.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA. 2002. On April 18. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/3559/file/Criminal%20Code%20RM.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND. 1997. On June 6. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/10/Poland/show. Consultation date: 19/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO. 2008. On June 18. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/6848/file/San%20Marino_law_on_prevention_elimination_violence_against_women_gender_violence_2008_en.pdf. Consultation date: 19/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF THE SWISS CONFEDERATION. 1937. On December 21. Available online. In: http://www.duribonin.ch/docs/StrafrechtAllgemeinerTeil.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE. 2001. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14. Consultation date: 15/04/2020.

DANISH PENAL CODE. 2005. On December 21. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/34/Denmark/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES ON TOLERANCE. 1995. On November 16. Available online. In: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13175&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

DEJVYS, Denis. 2006. The evolution of religious freedom as a universal human right: a study on the role of the 1981 UN Declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief. Federation: Novaya Yustycyya. Moscow, Russian.

DEMYANOV, Yevhen. 2018. The SBU interrogated about two dozen priests of the UOC-MP. Available online. In: https://www.unn.com.ua/uk/news/1766247-sbu-dopitala-blizko-dvokh-desyatkiv-svyaschennikiv-upts-mp. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

DRAFT LAW No. 2693. 2019. “On Media in Ukraine”. On December 27. Available online. In: https://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=67812. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

DRAFT LAW No. 2693-2 .2020. “On Media in Ukraine”. On May 29. Available online. In: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=68970. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

FEDOTOVA, Yuliya. 2016. “Insulting the religious feelings of believers and criminal law: work on mistakes” In: Legal Science and Law Enforcement Practice. Vol. 1, No. 35, pp.199-120.

FISUN, Yuliya. 2005. International legal regulation of the institute of religious security. Institute of Legislation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.

ILYIN, Yevgeniy. 2008. Emotions and feelings. Piter-Press. St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.

INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS. 1976. Available online. In: http://www.un.org.ua/images/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights_CCPR_eng1.pdf. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

KRIVOVA, N. R. 2020. “Improvement of oil production in low permeability deposits with a system of horizontal wells” In: Revista de la Universidad del Zulia. Vol. 11, No. 29, pp. 205-211.

KRYVENKO, Leonid. 2014. Information of the Verkhovna Rada of the USSR (VVR). Available online. In: https://cyclop.com.ua/content/view/990/58/1/4/#6528. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

LASHCHUK, Yefrem. 2005. The subject of a crime in the criminal law of Ukraine. National Academy of Internal Affairs. Kyiv, Ukraine.

LAW OF UKRAINE No. 987-XII .1991. “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”. On April 23. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/987-12#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2020.

LYKHOVA, Sophia. 2006. Crimes in the sphere of realization of civil, political and social rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen (section V of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). Publishing and Printing Center “Kyyivskyj Universytet. Kyiv, Ukraine.

MAKLAKOV, Anatoliy. 2000. General psychology. Piter. St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.

MALYSHKO, Volodymyr. 2005. The constitutional human right to freedom of thought and religion. V.M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law. Kyiv, Ukraine.

MARKIN, Viktor. 2012. Criminal legal protection of religious freedom in Ukraine. Lviv State University of Internal Affairs Institutional Repository (LvSUIAIR). Lviv, Ukraine.

MARYSYUK, ‪Kostyantyn. 2003. “Criminal liability for violation of legislation in the field of religious freedom in the post-Soviet states” In: Law of Ukraine. No. 9, pp. 32-34.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

MAZURENKO, Alyona. 2018. The SBU is searching the apartment of the head of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Available online. In: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2018/11/30/7199786/. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

OSTROVSKY, Oleksandr. 2014. Criminal liability for violation of the human right to freedom of religion under the criminal law of Ukraine. Lviv State University of Internal Affairs Institutional Repository (LvSUIAIR). Lviv, Ukraine.

PALIY, Maksym. 2002. Crime in the field of religion and the fight against it. V.M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law. Kyiv, Ukraine.

PANKEVICH, Vasyl. 2010. Criminal-legal characteristics of violation of equality of citizens depending on their racial, national affiliation or attitude to religion. Institute of Legislation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.

PARASZCZUK, Joanna; DRACHUK, Serhiy. 2015. The Muslim world reacts differently to the shooting in Paris. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/26783482.html. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

PCHELYNCEV, Anatoliy. 2012. Freedom of religion and activities of religious associations in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal framework. Yurisprudentsiya. Moscow, Russian Federation.

PENAL LAW OF ISRAEL. 2010. Article-By-Article Translation from Hebrew Into Russian. Available online. In: http://library.khpg.org/files/docs/1375279180.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

PRAVDA. 2012. Prime Minister Of Turkey: Islam Brings Peace To The World, And American Film Is A Hostile Provocation. Available online. In: https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2012/09/14/6972727/. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

PROTESTS ERUPT IN MONTENEGRO OVER RELIGION LAW: SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH RIGHTS UNDER THREAT. 2019. Available online. In: https://ua.112.ua/svit/u-chornohorii-spalakhnuly-protesty-cherez-zakon-pro-relihiiu-prava-serbskoi-pravoslavnoi-tserkvy-pid-zahrozoiu-520138.html. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

REPORT ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN UKRAINE. 2019a. February 16 To May 15, 2019. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraine16Feb-15May2019_UA.pdf. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

REPORT ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN UKRAINE. 2019b. MAY 16 TO AUGUST 15, 2019. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ReportUkraine16May-15Aug2019_UA.pdf. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

RESOLUTION OF THE DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE COURT OF KYIV. 2014. CASE No. 826/19616/13-a, on January 28. Available online. In: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/37188411. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

RESOLUTION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY No. 36/55. 1981. “ON PREAMBLE OF THE DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF INTOLERANCE AND OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON RELIGION OR BELIEF”, on November 25, 1981. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ReligionOrBelief.aspx. Consultation date: 22/04/2020.

RESOLUTION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY No. 47/135. 1992. “On Preamble of The Declaration On The Rights Of Persons Belonging To National Or Ethnic, Religious And Linguistic Minorities”. On December 18. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Minorities.aspx. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

RESOLUTION OF THE ODESSA DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE COURT. 2012. CASE No. 1570/2775/2012 May 7. Available online. In: http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/24011680. Consultation date: 18/04/2020.

ROUN, Mike. 2003. The right to freedom of religion or belief. University of Minnesota Human Rights Center. Minnesota, USA.

SEREDA, Sergey. 2017. “Criminal legal mechanisms for protecting the right to freedom of conscience and religion in Russia” In: Penytencyarnaya Nauka. Vol. 2, No. 38, pp. 21-26.

SHVYDCHENKO, Ihor. 2009. Freedom of religion as an object of criminal law protection. National Academy of Internal Affairs. Kyiv, Ukraine.

STATISTICS FROM THE MINISTRY OF CULTURE. 2020. In Ukraine, The Number of Unregistered Religious Communities Has Increased. Available online. In: https://www.irs.in.ua/ua/statistics-of-religious-organizations-in-ukraine-2020. Consultation date: 17/04/2020.

THE SWEDISH CRIMINAL CODE. 1962. On December 21. Available online. In: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/1/Sweden/show. Consultation date: 20/04/2020.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 1948. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/. Consultation date: 16/04/2020.

YARMOL, Liliya. 2003. Freedom of religion: legal support in Ukraine (general theoretical research). National University “Odessa Law Academy”. Odessa, Ukraine.