Efecto de las prácticas de manejo en el rendimiento y la pérdida de semillas en trigo duro bajo condiciones áridas

• Mourad Hattab Department of Agronomic Sciences. Faculty of Sciences. Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences (LSBA), Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1288
• Abderrahmane Kessaissia National Institute for Forestry Research (NIFR). Experimental Station for the Protection of Watersheds, Ténès. Chlef, Algeria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-4000

Palabras clave: trigo duro, pérdidas de rendimiento, emergencia, cosecha mecánica

Resumen

A pesar de la expansión del riego, los rendimientos de trigo duro en Argelia permanecen sustancialmente por debajo del potencial genético. Este estudio cuantificó las pérdidas en emergencia, naturales y mecánicas bajo condiciones áridas irrigadas en la provincia de Laghouat, Argelia durante 2024-2025. Cinco campos experimentales (variedad Vitron) fueron monitoreados, midiendo densidades de emergencia, componentes del rendimiento potencial, rendimiento pre-cosecha y rendimiento cosechado. Las pérdidas en emergencia (24-43 %) fueron compensadas mediante ahijamiento (r = -0,996; p≤0,001), aunque densidades excesivas (> 600 semillas.m^-2) incrementaron las pérdidas sin beneficio en rendimiento. El rendimiento potencial varió entre  9,3 y 13,7 t.ha^-1, siendo el número de granos por espiga el determinante principal (r = 0,994; p≤0,001). Las pérdidas naturales (12-38 %) fueron amplificadas por condiciones meteorológicas extremas (granizo, lluvia de 36 mm.h^-1, 14 de mayo de 2025). Las pérdidas mecánicas (31-47 %) excedieron los estándares internacionales (3-7 %). Las pérdidas acumuladas alcanzaron 54-60 % del potencial, valorizando entre 40 y 46 %. La optimización debe priorizar la reducción por pérdidas mecánicas, rotaciones con leguminosas y siembra en línea con densidad moderada.

Citas

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