Effect of salinity levels on antifungal activity of essential oil from Thymus against Fusarium oxysporum
Keywords:
Antimicrobial activity, biocontrol, plant extracts, medicinal plant, sodium chloride
Abstract
Thyme (Thymus sp.), a medicinal plant of the family Lamiaceae, is used in traditional medicine, contains a wide array of medicinally active components, in their great majority of a rather complex mixture of thymol, ρ-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, β-Caryophyllen, etc. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris extract against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.radicis-lycopersici strain under saline conditions, assuming soil with high salt content of the arid regions. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation technique using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Antifungal activity of essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was investigated by agar dilution method. The main constituents of thyme essential oil were thymol (76.96 %), ρ-cymene (9.89 %) and γ-Terpinene (1.92 %). Essential oil from Thymus resented high in vitro activity, in controlling conidial germination and mycelial growth. However, the oil was significantly not active against the spore production under a salinity medium. The results showed that mycelial growth was stimulated in concentrations with 0.6 -1.5 %. In contrast, it was significantly reduced at a higher concentration (2 %). The application of NaCl caused a significant increase in the conidia production at various concentrations tested. NaCl has a minor inhibitory effect on conidial germination only when the concentration was 2 %. The results of this study indicate that salinity decreases the efficacy of essential oil against the pathogen.
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References
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Gema, N. (2020). A review on applications and uses of Thymus in the food industry. Plants (Basel), 9(8), 961. doi: 10.3390/plants9080961
Kolsum, D., Hojjatollah, S., & Ali Reza, K. (2017). Down-regulatory effect of Thymus vulgaris L. on growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum strain. Microbial Pathogenesis, 104, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.011
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Marín-Tinoco, R. I., Camacho-Luis, A., Silva-Marrufo, O., Diaz-Diaz, M., & Ortega-Ramirez, A. T. (2021). Inhibition of Candida albicans by oregano (Lippia spp.) essential oil from municipality of Rodeo, Durango, Mexico. Journal of Microbiology & Health Education, 3(1), 70-76. http://journalmhe.org/ojs3/index.php/jmhe/article/view/14
Meena, R. S., Kumar, S., Datta, R., Lal, R., Vijayakumar, V., Brtnicky, M., Sharma, M. P., Yadav, G. S., Jhariya, M. K., Jangir, C. K., Pathan, S. I., Dokulilova, T., Pecina, V., & Marfo, T. D. (2020). Impact of agrochemicals on soil microbiota and management: AReview. Land, 9(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020034
Moghaddam, M. and Mehdizadeh, L. (2020). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris grown in Iran against some plant pathogenic fungi. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 23(5), 1072-1083. doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1843547
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Scollard, J., McManamon, O., & Schmalenberger, A. (2016). Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth on fresh-cut produce with thyme essential oil and essential oil compound verbenone. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 120, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.05.005
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Stancheva, I., Geneva, M., Markovska, Y., Tzvetkova, & Mitova, N. (2014). A comparative study on plant morphology, gas exchange parameters, and antioxidant response of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. grown on industrially polluted soil. Turkish Journal of Biology, 38(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1304-94
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Turek, C., and Stintzing, F. C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality of selected essential oils. Food Research International, 46, 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028
Turgis, M., Vu K. D., Dupont, C., & Lacroix, M. (2012).Combined antimicrobial effect of essential oils and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Food Research International, 48(2), 696-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.016
Xing, F., Hua, H., Selvaraj, J. N., Zhao, Y., & Zhou, L. (2014).Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Fusarium verticillioides by cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde. Food Control, 46, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.037
Yilar, M., Bayar, Y., & Abaci, B. A. A. (2020). Allelopathic and antifungal potentials of endemic Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet collected from different locations in Turkey. Allelopathy Journal, 49(2), 243-25. https://doi.0rg/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-49-2-1268
Aksit, H., Bayar, Y., Simsek, S., & Ulutas, Y. (2022). Chemical composition and antifungal activities of the essential oils of Thymus species (Thymus pectinatus, Thymus convolutus, Thymus vulgaris) against plant pathogens. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 25(1), 200-207. DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2022.2043189
Al-Asmari, A. K., Athar, M. T., Al-Faraidy, A. A., & Almuhaiza, M. S. (2017). Chemical composition of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris collected from Saudi Arabian market. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7,147-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.023.
Al-Hatmi, A. M., Meis, J. F & de Hoog, G. S. (2016). Fusarium: molecular diversity and intrinsic drug resistance. Plant Pathology, 12(4), e1005464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005464
Alizadeh, B. B., Tabatabaei, Y. F., Vasiee, A., & Mortazavi, S. A. (2018). Oliveria decumbens essential oil: Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity against the growth of some clinical and standard strains causing infection. Microbial Pathogenesis, 114, 449-452. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.033.
Benelli,G.,Flamini, G., Canale, A., & Conti, B. (2012). Toxicity of some essential oil formulations against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann)(Diptera Tephritidae). Crop Protection, 42, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.05.024
Biswas, S., Koul, M., and Bhatnagar, A. K. (2011). Effect of salt, drought and metal stress on essential oil yield and quality in plants. Natural Product Communications, 6(10), 1559-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1100601036
Boumaaza, B., Benkhelifa, M., & Belkhoudja, M. (2015). Effects of two salts compounds on mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of six isolates of Botrytis cinerea in the western north of Algeria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2015. ID 572626. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/572626
British Pharmacopoeia Commission. British Pharmacopoeia. London: TSO (2016).https://www.tsoshop.co.uk/?Action=Book&ProductId=9780113230006
Campos, E. V., Proença, P. L., Oliveira, J. L., Bakshi, M., Abhilash, P. C., & Fraceto, L. F. (2019). Use of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: future perspectives. Ecological Indicators, 105, 483-495.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.038
Choe, E., and Min, D. B. (2006). Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 5, 169-186. https://doi10.1111/1541-4337.12006
Corkley, I., Fraaije, B., & Hawkins, N. (2021). Fungicide resistance management: Maximizing the effective life of plant protection products. Plant Pathology, 71(1), 150-169.https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13467
Edel-Hermann, V., & Lecomte, C. (2019). Current status of Fusarium oxysporumformae speciales and races. Phytopathology, 109, 512-530. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-18-0320-RVW
de Souza, E. L., Montenegro Stamford, T. L., Lima, EdeO., Barbosa Filho, J. M., & Mayo Marques, M. O. (2008). Interference of heating on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Ciência Tecnologia de AlimentosCampinas, 28(2), 418-422. https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/kNxCJnWT6G98YrrbjZxmB7K/?format=pdf&lang=en
Galovičová, L., Borotová, P., Valková, V., Vukovic, N., Vukic, M., Štefániková, J., Ďúranová, H., & Kowalczewski, P. (2021). Thymus vulgaris essential oil and its biological activity. Plants, 10(9), 1959. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091959
Gao, S., Kunpeng, Z., Luting, W., Guanyun, W., Wenfeng, X., Yaoyao, L., Yonglei, Z., Aoxiang, G., & Bin, L. (2020). Insecticidal activity of Artemisia vulgaris essential oil and transcriptome analysis of Tribolium castaneum in response to oil exposure. Frontiers in Genetics, 25(11), 589. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00589.
Gao, T., Zhou, H., Zhou, W., Hu, L., & Chen, J. (2016). The fungicidal activity of thymol against Fusarium graminearum via inducing lipid peroxidation and disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis. Molecules, 21(6), 770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060770
Gema, N. (2020). A review on applications and uses of Thymus in the food industry. Plants (Basel), 9(8), 961. doi: 10.3390/plants9080961
Kolsum, D., Hojjatollah, S., & Ali Reza, K. (2017). Down-regulatory effect of Thymus vulgaris L. on growth and Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum strain. Microbial Pathogenesis, 104, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.011
Kozera, W., Majcherczak, E., Barczak, B., Knapowski, T., Wszelaczyńska, E., & Pobereżny, J. (2015). Response of the yield and mineral composition of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herbage to various NPK proportions. Journal of Elementology, 20(4), 921-931. https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2015.20.1.802
Kumar, A. R., Shukla, P., Singh, C. S., Prasad, N. K., & Dubey. (2007). Assessment of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil as a safe botanical preservative against post harvest fungi infestation of food commodities. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9(4), 575-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.12.005
Lombard, L., Sandoval-Denis, M., Lamprecht, S. C., & Crous, P. W. (2019). Epitypification of Fusarium oxysporum: Clearing the taxonomic chaos. Persoonia, 43, 1-47. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.01
Marín-Tinoco, R. I., Camacho-Luis, A., Silva-Marrufo, O., Diaz-Diaz, M., & Ortega-Ramirez, A. T. (2021). Inhibition of Candida albicans by oregano (Lippia spp.) essential oil from municipality of Rodeo, Durango, Mexico. Journal of Microbiology & Health Education, 3(1), 70-76. http://journalmhe.org/ojs3/index.php/jmhe/article/view/14
Meena, R. S., Kumar, S., Datta, R., Lal, R., Vijayakumar, V., Brtnicky, M., Sharma, M. P., Yadav, G. S., Jhariya, M. K., Jangir, C. K., Pathan, S. I., Dokulilova, T., Pecina, V., & Marfo, T. D. (2020). Impact of agrochemicals on soil microbiota and management: AReview. Land, 9(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020034
Moghaddam, M. and Mehdizadeh, L. (2020). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris grown in Iran against some plant pathogenic fungi. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 23(5), 1072-1083. doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1843547
Mutlu-Ingok, A., Devecioglu, D., Dikmetas, D.N., Karbancioglu-Guler, F., & Capanoglu, E. (2020). Antibacterial, antifungal, antimycotoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils: An updated review". Molecules, 25(20), 4711. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204711
Perumal, A. B., Sellamuthu, P. S., Nambiar, R. B., & Sadiku, E. R. (2016). Antifungal activity of five different essential oils in vapour phase for the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in vitro and on mango. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(2), 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12991
Rasooli, I. and Owlia, P. (2005). Chemoprevention by thyme oils of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Phytochemistry, 66(24), 2851-2856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.029
Scollard, J., McManamon, O., & Schmalenberger, A. (2016). Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth on fresh-cut produce with thyme essential oil and essential oil compound verbenone. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 120, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.05.005
Silva-Marrufo, O. and Marín-Tinoco. R. I. (2021). Substitute of synthetic chemical fungicides using oregano essential oil for controlling Fusarium oxysporum. Gestión y Ambiente, 24(3), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.15446/ga.v24nSupl3.95526
Souza, L. K. H., Oliveira, C. M. A., Ferri, P. H., Santos, S. C., Oliveira Júnior, J. G., Miranda, A. T. B., Lião, L. M., & Silva, M. R. R. (2002). Antifungal properties of brazilian cerrado plants. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 33(3), 247-249. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822002000300012
Stancheva, I., Geneva, M., Markovska, Y., Tzvetkova, & Mitova, N. (2014). A comparative study on plant morphology, gas exchange parameters, and antioxidant response of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. grown on industrially polluted soil. Turkish Journal of Biology, 38(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1304-94
StatBox®, Version 6.0.4 (Grimmer Soft, Fr). (2009). Company in France, Europe.89 Governor General Street Eboué 92136 Issy-les-Moulineaux France.
Turek, C., and Stintzing, F. C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality of selected essential oils. Food Research International, 46, 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028
Turgis, M., Vu K. D., Dupont, C., & Lacroix, M. (2012).Combined antimicrobial effect of essential oils and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Food Research International, 48(2), 696-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.016
Xing, F., Hua, H., Selvaraj, J. N., Zhao, Y., & Zhou, L. (2014).Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Fusarium verticillioides by cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde. Food Control, 46, 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.037
Yilar, M., Bayar, Y., & Abaci, B. A. A. (2020). Allelopathic and antifungal potentials of endemic Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet collected from different locations in Turkey. Allelopathy Journal, 49(2), 243-25. https://doi.0rg/10.26651/allelo.j/2020-49-2-1268
Published
2022-08-22
How to Cite
Boumaaza, B., Benada, M., Boudalia, S., Benzohra, I. E., Gacemi, A., Khaladi, O., & Benkhelifa, M. (2022). Effect of salinity levels on antifungal activity of essential oil from Thymus against Fusarium oxysporum. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 39(3), e223941. Retrieved from https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/38616
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Crop Production
Copyright (c) 2022 Boualem Boumaaza, M’hamed Benada, Sofiane Boudalia, Ibrahim E. Benzohra, Abdelhamid Gacemi, Omar Khaladi and Mohamed Benkhelifa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
