Intention to join a union in peruvian professional workers: analysis of determining factors
Palabras clave:
Work-life balance, union beliefs, occupational stress, union affiliation intention, professional workers
Resumen
In a context where higher education coverage is expanding across Ibero-America, a greater proportion of professionally trained workers is projected. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the main factors influencing the union affiliation intention among Peruvian professional workers. To this end, a cross-sectional, non-experimental research design was applied, involving a sample of 639 respondents. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via partial least squares (PLS). The study demonstrates that the primary determinant of union affiliation intention is the workers’ beliefs—whether accurate or not—about the unions’ benefits in terms of labor protection, followed by occupational stress and work-life balance. Furthermore, the results indicate that the main determinant of the psychological capital of Peruvian professional workers is their work-life balance.
Citas
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Bouzari, M., & Karatepe, O. M. (2020). Does optimism mediate the influence of work-life balance on hotel salespeople’s life satisfaction and creative performance? Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 82-101. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15332845.2020.1672250.
Carrasco Gallego, A., Donoso Anes, J. A., Duarte-Atoche, T., Hernández Borreguero, J. J., & López Gavira, R. (2015). Diseño y validación de un cuestionario que mide la percepción de efectividad del uso de metodologías de participación activa (CEMPA). El caso del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABPrj) en la docencia de la 279 contabilidad. INNOVAR. Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 25(58),143-158. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81841166011.
Cho, S. J., & Lim, S. J. (2020). Effects of positive psychological capital, reward on retention intention of hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 563-573. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2020.26.5.563.
Dalessandro, C., & Lovell, A. (2023). Race, marginalization, and perceptions of stress among workers worldwide post-2020. Sociological Inquiry, 93(3), 571-591. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12505
Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173(June), 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
Fiorito, J., Padavic, I., & Russell, Z. A. (2018). Pro-social and self-interest motivations for unionism and implications for unions as institutions. In Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 2017: Shifts in Workplace Voice, Justice, Negotiation and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Workplaces (pp. 185-211). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.upc.elogim.com/10.1108/S0742-618620180000024009
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). SEM with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. In Algebra and Statistics, 47(3), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Freeman, R. B., & Medoff, J. L. (1984). What do unions do?. Basic Books. https://www.academia.edu/62364821/Review_of_What_Do_Unions_Do_by_Richard_B_Freeman_and_James_L_Medoff
Friedman, B. A., Abraham, S. E., & Thomas, R. K. (2006). Factors related to employees’ desire to join and leave unions. Industrial Relations, 45(1), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2006.00416.x
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair Jr., J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. In Structural Equation Modeling. Springer. Hair Jr., J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Review of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modeling: Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
INEI. (2023). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2022. https://datosabiertos.gob.pe/dataset/encuesta-nacional-de-hogares-enaho-2022-instituto-nacional-de-estad%C3%ADstica-e-inform%C3%A1tica-%E2%80%93
Jauregui-Arroyo, R. R., Avila, N. M. G., & Rondon-Jara, E. (2023). Estilos de liderazgo de los millennials y su influencia en el desempeño de las pequeñas empresas del sector textil manufactura. Innovar: Revista de ciencias administrativas y sociales, 33(89), 147-160. https://doi.org/ 10.15446/innovar.v33n89.107047
Kamphorst, J., & Willer, R. (2024). Correcting misperceptions of the material benefits associated with union membership increases Americans’ interest in joining unions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(19), e2321025121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321025121
Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Liossis, PL, Shochet, IM, Millear, PM y Biggs, H. (2009). El programa Promoting Adult Resilience (PAR): la eficacia del segundo programa piloto más breve de prevención en el lugar de trabajo. Behaviour Change, 26(2), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.97
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/26255?login=false
Moccia, S. (2016). Felicidad en el trabajo. Papeles del Psicólogo, 37(2).
Newman, A., Cooper, B., Holland, P., Miao, Q., & Teicher, J. (2019). How do industrial relations climate and union instrumentality enhance employee performance? The mediating effects of perceived job security and trust in management. Human Resource Management, 58(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21921
Noroño, J., Nuñez, M., & Gonzalez, R. (2020). Ética Sindical Como Mecanismo Impulsor De Competitividad En Las Pequeñas Y Medianas Empresas. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25(1), 154–173. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/32648
OIT. (2021). Perspectivas Sociales y del Empleo en el Mundo: Tendencias 2021. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_825200.pdf
Paek, E. (2025). Sindicatos, contextos laborales y acceso de los trabajadores a políticas de conciliación trabajo-familia. Social Forces, 103(3), 865-885. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soae103
Pungnirund, B. (2020). Impact of Effective Implementation of HR Practices on Employee Performance in Pharmacy Business in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2020.2.90
Pyman, A., Teicher, J., Cooper, B., & Holland, P. (2017). The Predictors of Unmet Demand for Unions in Non-Union Workplaces: Lessons from Australia TT - Les prédicteurs de la demande non comblée pour la syndicalisation dans les milieux de travail non syndiqués : une perspective australienne Los predictores de l. Relations Industrielles, 72(2), 270–293. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ri/2017-v72-n2-ri03115/1040401ar.pdf
Ríos-Avila, F. (2017). Unions and Economic Performance in developing countries: case studies from latin america. Ecos de Economía, 21(44), 4–36. https://doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2017.44.1
Rodríguez Copé, M. L. (2022). El difícil papel del sindicato de clase en la GIG-ECONOMY: Viejas y nuevas fórmulas para crear: Sindicalismo y capitalismo digital:los límites del conflicto. (pp.227-272). Bomarzo. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358462219%0AEL
Samroodh, M., Anwar, I., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, S., Bino, E., & Ali, M. A. (2023). The Indirect Effect of Job Resources on Employees’ Intention to Stay: A Serial Mediation Model with Psychological Capital and Work–Life Balance as the Mediators. Sustainability, 15(1), 301 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010551
Sánchez de Diego Fernández de la Riva, M. (2018). Apuntes sobre la Transparencia. Universdidad Complutense de Madrid. https://digitum.um.es/digitum/bitstream/10201/102103/1/LIBRO2018A..A.pdf
Sarkar, S. (2012). Determinants of employees’ attitudes toward union membership in India. Journal of World Business, 47(2), 240-250. https://doi.upc.elogim.com/10.1016/j.jwb.2011.04.011
Shelton, S. A., & Renard, M. (2015). Correlating nurses’ levels of psychological capital with their reward preferences and reward satisfaction. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1271
Sinniah, S., Mohamed, R. K. M. H., Alam, S. S., Nadarajan, R., Shukor, S. F. A., & Aziz, C. N. B. S. A. (2019). Employee intention to join a union in private university. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6 Special Issue 3), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1078.0986S319
Tremblay, DG (2016). Sindicatos y derechos laborales y familiares: el desafío de la interrelación entre el trabajo y la vida familiar en un entorno sindical. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 28, 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-016-9279-8
Van Heuvelen, T., Han, X., & VanHeuvelen, J. (2025). The mortality implications of a unionized career. Social Science & Medicine, 365, 117620. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117620
Yang, C. H., & Tsou, M. W. (2018). Labour Unions and Firm Productivity: Evidence from China. Manchester School, 86(6), 699–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12225
Yong-Chung, F., García-Salirrosas, E. E., Bonilla-Bermeo, J. D., & Medina de la Cruz, R. M. (2024). Capital psicológico en trabajadores profesionales peruanos: análisis de factores determinantes. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 29(108), 1615-1629. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.108.9
Zhang, J. A., Bai, T., Tang, R. W., Edgar, F., Grover, S., & Chen, G. (2022). The development of individual ambidexterity across institutional environments: Symmetric and configurational analyses. Management international review, 62(4), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-022-00477-y
Zientara, P., Adamska-Mieruszewska, J., & Bąk, M. (2023). Unpicking the mechanism underlying hospitality workers’ intention to join a union and intention to quit a job. Evidence from the UK. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108(May 2022), 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103355
Batista, M. (2011). Libre funcionamiento de las organizaciones sindicales: Garantías para su crecimiento y consolidación. Consejo Sindical Unitario de América Central y Caribe, 3, 1–12. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_dialogue/@actrav/documents/publication/wcms_174972.pdf.
Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Textbooks Collection. Book 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3?utm_source=scholarcom mons.usf.edu%2Foa_textbooks%2F3&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campai gn=PDFCoverPages.
Bouzari, M., & Karatepe, O. M. (2020). Does optimism mediate the influence of work-life balance on hotel salespeople’s life satisfaction and creative performance? Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 82-101. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15332845.2020.1672250.
Carrasco Gallego, A., Donoso Anes, J. A., Duarte-Atoche, T., Hernández Borreguero, J. J., & López Gavira, R. (2015). Diseño y validación de un cuestionario que mide la percepción de efectividad del uso de metodologías de participación activa (CEMPA). El caso del Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABPrj) en la docencia de la 279 contabilidad. INNOVAR. Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, 25(58),143-158. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81841166011.
Cho, S. J., & Lim, S. J. (2020). Effects of positive psychological capital, reward on retention intention of hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 563-573. https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2020.26.5.563.
Dalessandro, C., & Lovell, A. (2023). Race, marginalization, and perceptions of stress among workers worldwide post-2020. Sociological Inquiry, 93(3), 571-591. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12505
Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173(June), 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
Fiorito, J., Padavic, I., & Russell, Z. A. (2018). Pro-social and self-interest motivations for unionism and implications for unions as institutions. In Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 2017: Shifts in Workplace Voice, Justice, Negotiation and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Workplaces (pp. 185-211). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.upc.elogim.com/10.1108/S0742-618620180000024009
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). SEM with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. In Algebra and Statistics, 47(3), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
Freeman, R. B., & Medoff, J. L. (1984). What do unions do?. Basic Books. https://www.academia.edu/62364821/Review_of_What_Do_Unions_Do_by_Richard_B_Freeman_and_James_L_Medoff
Friedman, B. A., Abraham, S. E., & Thomas, R. K. (2006). Factors related to employees’ desire to join and leave unions. Industrial Relations, 45(1), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.2006.00416.x
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair Jr., J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. In Structural Equation Modeling. Springer. Hair Jr., J., Hult, T., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Review of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modeling: Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
INEI. (2023). Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) 2022. https://datosabiertos.gob.pe/dataset/encuesta-nacional-de-hogares-enaho-2022-instituto-nacional-de-estad%C3%ADstica-e-inform%C3%A1tica-%E2%80%93
Jauregui-Arroyo, R. R., Avila, N. M. G., & Rondon-Jara, E. (2023). Estilos de liderazgo de los millennials y su influencia en el desempeño de las pequeñas empresas del sector textil manufactura. Innovar: Revista de ciencias administrativas y sociales, 33(89), 147-160. https://doi.org/ 10.15446/innovar.v33n89.107047
Kamphorst, J., & Willer, R. (2024). Correcting misperceptions of the material benefits associated with union membership increases Americans’ interest in joining unions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(19), e2321025121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2321025121
Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 11, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Liossis, PL, Shochet, IM, Millear, PM y Biggs, H. (2009). El programa Promoting Adult Resilience (PAR): la eficacia del segundo programa piloto más breve de prevención en el lugar de trabajo. Behaviour Change, 26(2), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.97
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/26255?login=false
Moccia, S. (2016). Felicidad en el trabajo. Papeles del Psicólogo, 37(2).
Newman, A., Cooper, B., Holland, P., Miao, Q., & Teicher, J. (2019). How do industrial relations climate and union instrumentality enhance employee performance? The mediating effects of perceived job security and trust in management. Human Resource Management, 58(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21921
Noroño, J., Nuñez, M., & Gonzalez, R. (2020). Ética Sindical Como Mecanismo Impulsor De Competitividad En Las Pequeñas Y Medianas Empresas. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25(1), 154–173. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/32648
OIT. (2021). Perspectivas Sociales y del Empleo en el Mundo: Tendencias 2021. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_825200.pdf
Paek, E. (2025). Sindicatos, contextos laborales y acceso de los trabajadores a políticas de conciliación trabajo-familia. Social Forces, 103(3), 865-885. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soae103
Pungnirund, B. (2020). Impact of Effective Implementation of HR Practices on Employee Performance in Pharmacy Business in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2020.2.90
Pyman, A., Teicher, J., Cooper, B., & Holland, P. (2017). The Predictors of Unmet Demand for Unions in Non-Union Workplaces: Lessons from Australia TT - Les prédicteurs de la demande non comblée pour la syndicalisation dans les milieux de travail non syndiqués : une perspective australienne Los predictores de l. Relations Industrielles, 72(2), 270–293. https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ri/2017-v72-n2-ri03115/1040401ar.pdf
Ríos-Avila, F. (2017). Unions and Economic Performance in developing countries: case studies from latin america. Ecos de Economía, 21(44), 4–36. https://doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2017.44.1
Rodríguez Copé, M. L. (2022). El difícil papel del sindicato de clase en la GIG-ECONOMY: Viejas y nuevas fórmulas para crear: Sindicalismo y capitalismo digital:los límites del conflicto. (pp.227-272). Bomarzo. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358462219%0AEL
Samroodh, M., Anwar, I., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, S., Bino, E., & Ali, M. A. (2023). The Indirect Effect of Job Resources on Employees’ Intention to Stay: A Serial Mediation Model with Psychological Capital and Work–Life Balance as the Mediators. Sustainability, 15(1), 301 https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010551
Sánchez de Diego Fernández de la Riva, M. (2018). Apuntes sobre la Transparencia. Universdidad Complutense de Madrid. https://digitum.um.es/digitum/bitstream/10201/102103/1/LIBRO2018A..A.pdf
Sarkar, S. (2012). Determinants of employees’ attitudes toward union membership in India. Journal of World Business, 47(2), 240-250. https://doi.upc.elogim.com/10.1016/j.jwb.2011.04.011
Shelton, S. A., & Renard, M. (2015). Correlating nurses’ levels of psychological capital with their reward preferences and reward satisfaction. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 41(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v41i1.1271
Sinniah, S., Mohamed, R. K. M. H., Alam, S. S., Nadarajan, R., Shukor, S. F. A., & Aziz, C. N. B. S. A. (2019). Employee intention to join a union in private university. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6 Special Issue 3), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.F1078.0986S319
Tremblay, DG (2016). Sindicatos y derechos laborales y familiares: el desafío de la interrelación entre el trabajo y la vida familiar en un entorno sindical. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 28, 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-016-9279-8
Van Heuvelen, T., Han, X., & VanHeuvelen, J. (2025). The mortality implications of a unionized career. Social Science & Medicine, 365, 117620. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117620
Yang, C. H., & Tsou, M. W. (2018). Labour Unions and Firm Productivity: Evidence from China. Manchester School, 86(6), 699–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/manc.12225
Yong-Chung, F., García-Salirrosas, E. E., Bonilla-Bermeo, J. D., & Medina de la Cruz, R. M. (2024). Capital psicológico en trabajadores profesionales peruanos: análisis de factores determinantes. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 29(108), 1615-1629. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.108.9
Zhang, J. A., Bai, T., Tang, R. W., Edgar, F., Grover, S., & Chen, G. (2022). The development of individual ambidexterity across institutional environments: Symmetric and configurational analyses. Management international review, 62(4), 517-540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-022-00477-y
Zientara, P., Adamska-Mieruszewska, J., & Bąk, M. (2023). Unpicking the mechanism underlying hospitality workers’ intention to join a union and intention to quit a job. Evidence from the UK. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108(May 2022), 103355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103355
Publicado
2026-03-24
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Yong Chung, F. E., Fuchs Angeles, R. M., Jauregui Arroyo, R. R., & Bonilla Bermeo, J. D. (2026). Intention to join a union in peruvian professional workers: analysis of determining factors. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 31(114), e3111415. Recuperado a partir de https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/45234
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