Dynamics and challenges of the institutional crisis in Ecuador
Palabras clave:
Institutional crisis, democracy, citizen participation, governance, institutional uncertainty
Resumen
In recent decades, Ecuador has faced periods of significant institutional crisis characterized by political instability, conflicts among branches of government, and a decline in public trust in institutions. This situation has sparked extensive academic interest in understanding the underlying causes, dynamics, and effects of such crises on democracy and governance in the country. The objective of this study is to analyze the dynamics and challenges of the institutional crisis in Ecuador through a qualitative methodology based on the documentary analysis of bibliographic sources. The findings reveal that the institutional crisis in Ecuador is examined from a broad perspective that integrates theories on institutional crises, democracy, governance, and political crisis analysis. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of understanding institutional destabilization and dysfunction by analyzing the interaction between these elements, emphasizing the impact of institutional uncertainty and the complex distribution of power on governance effectiveness and public policy implementation. The study concludes with the critical need to promote transparency, accountability, and citizen participation as fundamental strategies to overcome the institutional crisis in Ecuador.
Descargas
La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.
Citas
Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2016). Paths to Inclusive Political Institutions. In J. Eloranta, E. Golson, A. Markevich & N. Wolf (Eds.), Economic History of Warfare and State Formation. Studies in Economic History (pp. 3-50). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1605-9_1
Andrews, K. T., & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news: Movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
Ansell, C., Boin, A., & Keller, A. (2010). Managing transboundary crises: Identifying the building blocks of an effective response system. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 18(4), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2010.00620.x
Baxter, J. (2019). The Paradox of Power in Ecuador: Governance and Education Reform (2007–2015). In C. Ornelas (Ed.), Politics of Education in Latin America: Reforms, resistance and persistence (pp. 134-165). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413375_007
Benz, A., & Papadopoulos, L. (Eds.) (2006). Governance and Democracy: Comparing national, European and international experiences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086162
Bergh, S. (2004). Democratic decentralisation and local participation: A review of recent research. Development in Practice, 14(6), 780-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452042000284012
Biermann, F., & Gupta, A. (2011). Accountability and legitimacy in earth system governance: A research framework. Ecological Economics, 70(11), 1856-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.008
Boelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., & Baud, M. (2015). Water reform governmentality in Ecuador: Neoliberalism, centralization, and the restraining of polycentric authority and community rule-making. Geoforum, 64, 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.07.005
Bowen, J. D. (2015). Rethinking democratic governance: State building, autonomy, and accountability in Correa’s Ecuador. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X1500700103
Boyer, R. (2013). The present crisis. A Trump for a renewed political economy. Review of Political Economy, 25(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2013.736262
Breilh, J., & Tillería, Y. (2009). Aceleración global y despojo en Ecuador: El retroceso del derecho a la salud en la era neoliberal. Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2005). Rebuilding governance in failed states and post‐conflict societies: Core concepts and cross‐cutting themes. Public Administration and Development, 25(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352
Carment, D. (2003). Assessing state failure: Implications for theory and policy. Third World Quarterly, 24(3), 407-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659032000084384
Crawford, B., & Lijphart, A. (1995). Explaining political and economic change in post-communist Eastern Europe: Old legacies, new institutions, hegemonic norms, and international pressures. Comparative Political Studies, 28(2), 171-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414095028002001
De la Torre, C., & Ortiz, A. (2016). Populist polarization and the slow death of democracy in Ecuador. Democratization, 23(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1058784
Della Porta, D., & Kriesi, H. (1999). Social movements in a globalizing world: An introduction. In D. Della Porta, H. Kriesi & D. Rucht (Eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World (pp. 3-22). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27319-5_1
Domingo, P. (2001). Party Politics, Intermediation and Representation. In J. Crabtree & L. Whitehead (Eds.), Towards Democratic Viability (pp. 141-159). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403905246_8
Duit, A., & Galaz, V. (2008). Governance and complexity—Emerging issues for governance theory. Governance, 21(3), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00402.x
Feng, Y. (1997). Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth. British Journal of Political Science, 27(3), 391-418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123497000197
Finol, L., Galdames, A. M., & González, C. (2021). Contextualización de la Transparencia de la función pública en Iberoamérica: Una revisión del concepto. RUMBOS TS. Un Espacio Crítico para la Reflexión en Ciencias Sociales, XVI(25), 105-144. https://doi.org/10.51188/rrts.num25.502
Handlin, S. (2014). The politics of polarization: Governance and party system change in Latin America, 1990-2010. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kellogg Institute Working Paper No. 401. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2546199
Head, B. W., & Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399713481601
Heper, M., Kazancigil, A., & Rockman, B. A. (Eds.) (2019). Institutions and Democratic Statecraft. Routledge.
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza, C. P. (2018). Metodología de la investigación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Interamericana, S.A. de C.V.
Herrera, K. V. (2018). Ecuador: La iniciativa popular normativa en el gobierno de la revolución ciudadana. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXIV(2), 68-82. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/24820
Huang, M.-H, Chang, Y.-T., & Chu, Y.-H. (2008). Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: A multilevel analysis. Electoral Studies, 27(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.002
Huárac, Y., Díaz, M. C., & Cuba, E. E. (2022). Presupuesto participativo y gestión del gasto público. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(E-5), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38163
Jima-González, A., & Paradela-López, M. (2019). The indigenous movement in Ecuador: Resource access and Rafael Correa’s citizens’ revolution. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines et Caraïbes, 44(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2019.1529463
Kilinç, R. (2014). Critical junctures, catalysts, and democratic consolidation in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly, 129(2), 293-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12180
Klandermans, P. G. (2014). Identity politics and politicized identities: Identity processes and the dynamics of protest. Political Psychology, 35(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12167
Kownatzki, M., Walter, J., Floyd, S. W., & Lechner, C. (2012). Corporate control and the speed of strategic business unit decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 56(5), 1295-1324. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0804
Laebens, M. G., & Lührmann, A. (2021). What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability. Democratization, 28(5), 908-928. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109
La Porta, R., López-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, U., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
Majone, G. (1999). The regulatory state and its legitimacy problems. West European Politics, 22(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389908425284
Marks, G., & McAdam, D. (1996). Social movements and the changing structure of political opportunity in the European union. West European Politics, 19(2), 249-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425133
Masabanda, J. C., & Mayorga, E. (2023). La desconfianza frente a la democracia de la legitimidad electoral en el Ecuador. Código Científico Revista de Investigación, 4(E2), 703-731. https://doi.org/10.55813/gaea/ccri/v4/nE2/181
Mejía, A. (2009). Informal Coalitions and Policymaking in Latin America: Ecuador in comparative perspective. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203878989
Mejía, A., & Polga-Hecimovich, J. (2011). Coalition erosion and presidential instability in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society, 53(2), 87-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00118.x
Nordin, A. (2014). Crisis as a discursive legitimation strategy in educational reforms: A critical policy analysis. Education Inquiry, 5(1), 24047. https://doi.org/10.3402/edui.v5.24047
Olsen, J. P. (2013). The institutional basis of democratic accountability. West European Politics, 36(3), 447-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.753704
Oregioni, M. S. (2017). La internacionalización universitaria desde una perspectiva situada: Tensiones y desafíos para la región Latinoamericana. Revista Internacional de Educação Superior, 3(1), 114-133. https://doi.org/10.22348/riesup.v3i1.7667
Ortega, K. M., & Pino, S. L. (2021). Impacto social y económico de los factores de riesgo que afectan la seguridad ciudadana en Ecuador. Revista Espacios, 42(21), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a21v42n21p04
Østby, G. (2008). Polarization, horizontal inequalities and violent civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087169
Pérez-Liñán, A. (2014). A two-level theory of presidential instability. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(01), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00220.x
Pontón, D. (2007). El proceso de reforma policial en Ecuador: Un tema relegado al olvido. Urvio, Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana, (2), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.2.2007.1060
Resina, J. (2023). Between street and institutions: The dynamics and political strategies of the indigenous movement in Ecuador. In A. Albala, & A. Natal (Eds.), Indigenous Political Representation in Latin America (pp. 51-73). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33914-1_3
Rodríguez, J., & Arriagada, C. (2004). Segregación Residencial en la Ciudad Latinoamericana. EURE, XXX(89), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004008900001
Sánchez, F., & Granados, C. (2023). Institucionalización de la política contenciosa: Ecuador bajo Guillermo Lasso. Revista de Ciencia Política, 43(2), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-090x2023005000109
Silva, E. (2015). Indigenous peoples’ movements, developments, and politics in Ecuador and Bolivia. In P. Almeida & A. Cordero (Eds.), Handbook of Social Movements across Latin America (pp. 131-144). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_10
Solimano, A. (2005). Political instability, institutional quality and social conflict in the Andes. In A. Solimano (Ed.), Political crises, social conflict and economic development: The political economy of the Andean Region. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845425715.00010
Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Participation and development: Perspectives from the comprehensive development paradigm. Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00148
Stone, C. N. (1993). Urban regimes and the capacity to govern: A political economy approach. Journal of Urban Affairs, 15(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1993.tb00300.x
Tilly, C. (2004). Trust and rule. Theory and Society, 33(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RYSO.0000021427.13188.26
Törnberg, A. (2021). Prefigurative politics and social change: A typology drawing on transition studies. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 22(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2020.1856161
Andrews, K. T., & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news: Movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386689
Ansell, C., Boin, A., & Keller, A. (2010). Managing transboundary crises: Identifying the building blocks of an effective response system. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 18(4), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2010.00620.x
Baxter, J. (2019). The Paradox of Power in Ecuador: Governance and Education Reform (2007–2015). In C. Ornelas (Ed.), Politics of Education in Latin America: Reforms, resistance and persistence (pp. 134-165). BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413375_007
Benz, A., & Papadopoulos, L. (Eds.) (2006). Governance and Democracy: Comparing national, European and international experiences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086162
Bergh, S. (2004). Democratic decentralisation and local participation: A review of recent research. Development in Practice, 14(6), 780-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452042000284012
Biermann, F., & Gupta, A. (2011). Accountability and legitimacy in earth system governance: A research framework. Ecological Economics, 70(11), 1856-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.008
Boelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., & Baud, M. (2015). Water reform governmentality in Ecuador: Neoliberalism, centralization, and the restraining of polycentric authority and community rule-making. Geoforum, 64, 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.07.005
Bowen, J. D. (2015). Rethinking democratic governance: State building, autonomy, and accountability in Correa’s Ecuador. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X1500700103
Boyer, R. (2013). The present crisis. A Trump for a renewed political economy. Review of Political Economy, 25(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2013.736262
Breilh, J., & Tillería, Y. (2009). Aceleración global y despojo en Ecuador: El retroceso del derecho a la salud en la era neoliberal. Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2005). Rebuilding governance in failed states and post‐conflict societies: Core concepts and cross‐cutting themes. Public Administration and Development, 25(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.352
Carment, D. (2003). Assessing state failure: Implications for theory and policy. Third World Quarterly, 24(3), 407-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659032000084384
Crawford, B., & Lijphart, A. (1995). Explaining political and economic change in post-communist Eastern Europe: Old legacies, new institutions, hegemonic norms, and international pressures. Comparative Political Studies, 28(2), 171-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414095028002001
De la Torre, C., & Ortiz, A. (2016). Populist polarization and the slow death of democracy in Ecuador. Democratization, 23(2), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1058784
Della Porta, D., & Kriesi, H. (1999). Social movements in a globalizing world: An introduction. In D. Della Porta, H. Kriesi & D. Rucht (Eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World (pp. 3-22). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27319-5_1
Domingo, P. (2001). Party Politics, Intermediation and Representation. In J. Crabtree & L. Whitehead (Eds.), Towards Democratic Viability (pp. 141-159). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403905246_8
Duit, A., & Galaz, V. (2008). Governance and complexity—Emerging issues for governance theory. Governance, 21(3), 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00402.x
Feng, Y. (1997). Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth. British Journal of Political Science, 27(3), 391-418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123497000197
Finol, L., Galdames, A. M., & González, C. (2021). Contextualización de la Transparencia de la función pública en Iberoamérica: Una revisión del concepto. RUMBOS TS. Un Espacio Crítico para la Reflexión en Ciencias Sociales, XVI(25), 105-144. https://doi.org/10.51188/rrts.num25.502
Handlin, S. (2014). The politics of polarization: Governance and party system change in Latin America, 1990-2010. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kellogg Institute Working Paper No. 401. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2546199
Head, B. W., & Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711-739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399713481601
Heper, M., Kazancigil, A., & Rockman, B. A. (Eds.) (2019). Institutions and Democratic Statecraft. Routledge.
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza, C. P. (2018). Metodología de la investigación: Las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. McGraw-Hill Interamericana, S.A. de C.V.
Herrera, K. V. (2018). Ecuador: La iniciativa popular normativa en el gobierno de la revolución ciudadana. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXIV(2), 68-82. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/24820
Huang, M.-H, Chang, Y.-T., & Chu, Y.-H. (2008). Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: A multilevel analysis. Electoral Studies, 27(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.002
Huárac, Y., Díaz, M. C., & Cuba, E. E. (2022). Presupuesto participativo y gestión del gasto público. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(E-5), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i.38163
Jima-González, A., & Paradela-López, M. (2019). The indigenous movement in Ecuador: Resource access and Rafael Correa’s citizens’ revolution. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines et Caraïbes, 44(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2019.1529463
Kilinç, R. (2014). Critical junctures, catalysts, and democratic consolidation in Turkey. Political Science Quarterly, 129(2), 293-318. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12180
Klandermans, P. G. (2014). Identity politics and politicized identities: Identity processes and the dynamics of protest. Political Psychology, 35(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12167
Kownatzki, M., Walter, J., Floyd, S. W., & Lechner, C. (2012). Corporate control and the speed of strategic business unit decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 56(5), 1295-1324. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0804
Laebens, M. G., & Lührmann, A. (2021). What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability. Democratization, 28(5), 908-928. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109
La Porta, R., López-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, U., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
Majone, G. (1999). The regulatory state and its legitimacy problems. West European Politics, 22(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389908425284
Marks, G., & McAdam, D. (1996). Social movements and the changing structure of political opportunity in the European union. West European Politics, 19(2), 249-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425133
Masabanda, J. C., & Mayorga, E. (2023). La desconfianza frente a la democracia de la legitimidad electoral en el Ecuador. Código Científico Revista de Investigación, 4(E2), 703-731. https://doi.org/10.55813/gaea/ccri/v4/nE2/181
Mejía, A. (2009). Informal Coalitions and Policymaking in Latin America: Ecuador in comparative perspective. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203878989
Mejía, A., & Polga-Hecimovich, J. (2011). Coalition erosion and presidential instability in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society, 53(2), 87-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2011.00118.x
Nordin, A. (2014). Crisis as a discursive legitimation strategy in educational reforms: A critical policy analysis. Education Inquiry, 5(1), 24047. https://doi.org/10.3402/edui.v5.24047
Olsen, J. P. (2013). The institutional basis of democratic accountability. West European Politics, 36(3), 447-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.753704
Oregioni, M. S. (2017). La internacionalización universitaria desde una perspectiva situada: Tensiones y desafíos para la región Latinoamericana. Revista Internacional de Educação Superior, 3(1), 114-133. https://doi.org/10.22348/riesup.v3i1.7667
Ortega, K. M., & Pino, S. L. (2021). Impacto social y económico de los factores de riesgo que afectan la seguridad ciudadana en Ecuador. Revista Espacios, 42(21), 52-70. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a21v42n21p04
Østby, G. (2008). Polarization, horizontal inequalities and violent civil conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 45(2), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087169
Pérez-Liñán, A. (2014). A two-level theory of presidential instability. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(01), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00220.x
Pontón, D. (2007). El proceso de reforma policial en Ecuador: Un tema relegado al olvido. Urvio, Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana, (2), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.17141/urvio.2.2007.1060
Resina, J. (2023). Between street and institutions: The dynamics and political strategies of the indigenous movement in Ecuador. In A. Albala, & A. Natal (Eds.), Indigenous Political Representation in Latin America (pp. 51-73). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33914-1_3
Rodríguez, J., & Arriagada, C. (2004). Segregación Residencial en la Ciudad Latinoamericana. EURE, XXX(89), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004008900001
Sánchez, F., & Granados, C. (2023). Institucionalización de la política contenciosa: Ecuador bajo Guillermo Lasso. Revista de Ciencia Política, 43(2), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-090x2023005000109
Silva, E. (2015). Indigenous peoples’ movements, developments, and politics in Ecuador and Bolivia. In P. Almeida & A. Cordero (Eds.), Handbook of Social Movements across Latin America (pp. 131-144). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9912-6_10
Solimano, A. (2005). Political instability, institutional quality and social conflict in the Andes. In A. Solimano (Ed.), Political crises, social conflict and economic development: The political economy of the Andean Region. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845425715.00010
Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Participation and development: Perspectives from the comprehensive development paradigm. Review of Development Economics, 6(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00148
Stone, C. N. (1993). Urban regimes and the capacity to govern: A political economy approach. Journal of Urban Affairs, 15(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1993.tb00300.x
Tilly, C. (2004). Trust and rule. Theory and Society, 33(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RYSO.0000021427.13188.26
Törnberg, A. (2021). Prefigurative politics and social change: A typology drawing on transition studies. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 22(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2020.1856161
Publicado
2025-02-07
Cómo citar
Salazar-Ponce, E. G., Díaz-Romero, Y., Bueno-Fernández, M. M., & Salazar Echeagaray, T. I. (2025). Dynamics and challenges of the institutional crisis in Ecuador. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 31(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v31i1.43483
Número
Sección
Artículo en Inglés
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
1.jpg)
1.jpg)
