Mapa de consenso del bienestar de inmigrantes en Lo Prado en Santiago de Chile

• David Álvarez-Maldonado https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6375-0461
• Patricio Torres-Luque https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8193-0423
• Manuel Letzkus-Palavecino https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-8899
• Luis Araya-Castillo http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7574-3907

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i4.37279

Abstract

La migración es de relevancia para las autoridades de la comuna de Lo Prado en Santiago de Chile, enfrentándose al problema de diseñar servicios locales que aborden la población inmigrante con el requerimiento de conocer a las personas usuarias de prestaciones públicas. El objetivo del trabajo es describir las subjetividades asociadas al bienestar de la población inmigrante local beneficiaria de servicios municipales en un mapa de consenso que representa sus características comunes, mediante el análisis de la información entregada por una muestra de doce informantes clave, selección por conveniencia dirigida por las autoridades de la comuna Lo Prado. Se desarrolla una metodología de investigación inductiva y empírica, con enfoque cualitativo de alcance descriptivo, que aplica técnicas del marketing, recolectando datos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad, basadas en procedimientos proyectivos sobre imágenes y dibujos, con el propósito de responder a la pregunta sobre las características subjetivas de la población inmigrante. Los resultados evidencian la centralidad de temáticas sobre la obtención de ingresos económicos y la satisfacción de necesidades básicas en el marco de actividades familiares y de emprendimiento. Se concluye, que existen necesidades básicas no cubiertas asociadas a la relevancia de diseñar servicios públicos pertinentes.

References

Adler, A. (2009). Gross national happiness in Bhutan: A living example of an alternative approach to progress. Wharton Research Scholars Journal.
Alexander, D. (2013). Vulnerability. In K. Penuel, M. Statler y R. Hagen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of crisis management (pp. 980-983). SAGE.
Anderson, M. B., y Woodrow, P. J. (1998). Rising from the ashes: Development strategies in time of disaster. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Bartram, D. (2013). Happiness and ‘economic migration’: A comparison of eastern European migrants and stayers. Migration Studies, 1(2), 156-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt006
Berrios-Riquelme, J., Ventura-León, J., Maluenda-Albornoz, J., y Barboza-Palomino, M. (2021). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de amenaza grupal internalizada por inmigrantes latinoamericanos en Chile. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVII(2), 467-483. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i2.35935
Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. In P. T. P. Wong y L. C. J. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 287-298). Spring Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_12
Birkman, J. (2006). Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: Conceptual framework and definitions. In J. Birkmann (Ed.), Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: Towards disaster resilient societies (pp. 9-54). United Nations University Press.
Cabieses, B., Chepo, M., Oyarte, M., Markkula, N., Bustos, P., Pedrero, V., y Delgado, I. (2017). Health inequality gap in immigrants versus local children in Chile. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 88(6), 707-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062017000600707
Castillo, D., Santa-Cruz, E., y Thayer, E. (2019). Estudiantes migrantes en escuelas públicas chilenas. Editorial Aún creemos en los sueños.
Catchings-Castello, G. (2000). The Zmet alternative. A nontraditional, multidisciplinary technique lets marketing researchers analyze what customers want. Marketing Research, 12, 6-12.
Chambers, R. (1983). Rural development: Putting the last first. Routledge.
Chaudry, A., Capps, R., Pedroza, J. M., Castañeda, R. M., Santos, R., y Scott, M. M. (2010). Facing our future children in the aftermath of immigration enforcement. The Urban Institute.
Christensen, G. L., y Olson, J. C. (2002). Mapping consumers' mental models with ZMET. Psychology & Marketing, 19(6), 477-502. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10021
Cornado, C., García-Almiralli, M., Vilma, S., Vilá, G., y Uzqueda, A. (2017). Methodology for the Detection of Residential Vulnerable Areas – the Case of Barcelona. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245, 042062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042062
Coulter, R. H., y Zaltman, G. (1994). Using the Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique to understand brand images. In C. T. Allen y D. Roedder (Eds.), NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 21 (pp. 501-507). Association for Consumer Research
Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In P. A. David y M. W. Reder (Eds.), Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honor of Moses Abramowitz (pp. 89-125). Academic Press, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7
Esipova, N., Ray, J., y Pugliese, A. (June 8, 2017). Number of potential migrants worldwide tops 700 million. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/211883/number-potential-migrants-worldwide-tops-700-million.aspx
Frey, B. S., y Stutzer, A. (2014). Economic consequences of mispredicting utility. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(4), 937-956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9457-4
Ghorra-Gobin, C. (Dir.) (2006). Dictionnaire des mondialisations. Armand Colin.
Graham, C. (2005). The economics of happiness. World Economics, 6(3), 41-55.
Guillén, J. C., Menéndez, F. G., y Moreira, T. K. (2019). Migración: Como fenómeno social vulnerable y salvaguarda de los derechos humanos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXV(1), 281-294.
Gutiérrez, J. M., Romero, J., Arias, S. R., y Briones, X. F. (2020). Migración: Contexto, impacto y desafío. Una reflexión teórica. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVI(2), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v26i2.32443
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., y Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2012). World happiness report 2012. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2012/World_Happiness_Report_2012.pdf
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., y Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2015). World happiness report 2015. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2015/WHR15_Sep15.pdf
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., y Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2018). World happiness report 2018. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., y Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2019). World happiness report 2019. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://s3.amazonaws.com/happiness-report/2019/WHR19.pdf
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., y Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2020). World happiness report 2020. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2020/WHR20.pdf
Hendriks, M. (2015). The happiness of international migrants: A review of research findings. Migration Studies, 3(3), 343-369. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnu053
Hendriks, M., Burger, M., Ray J., y Esipova, N. (2018). Do international migrants increase their happiness and that of their families by migrating. In J. Helliwell, R. Layard y J. Sachs (Eds.), World happiness report 2018 (pp. 44-65). Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
Kullgreen, J. T. (2003). Restrictions on undocumented immigrants' access to health services: the public health implications of welfare reform. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1630-1633. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.10.1630
Ling, I-L., Yang, C-M., Liu, Y-F., y Tsai, Y-H. (2009). Penetrating adolescents' mental models of mp3 with ZMET. Adolescence, 44(176), 948-963.
Liu, M-T., y Liu, K-T. (2013). Consensus model of click-through thoughts of web surfers. Asia Pacific Management Review, 18(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.6126/APMR.2013.18.2.03
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., y Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Mahler, S. J. (1995). American dreaming: Immigrant life on the margins. Princeton University Press.
Mai, N. (2004). Looking for a more modern life: The role of Italian television in the Albanian migration to Italy. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 1(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.200
Minkov, M., y Bond, M. H. (2017). A genetic component to national differences in happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9712-y
Morosanu, L. (2013). Between fragmented ties and ‘soul friendships’: The cross-border social connections of young Romanians in London. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(3), 353-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.733858
Nikolova, M., y Graham, C. (2015). In transit: The well-being of migrants from transition and post-transition countries. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 112(C), 164-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2015.02.003
Oishi, S., y Schimmack, U. (2010). Residential mobility, well-being, and mortality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 980-994. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019389
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD (2013). OECD guidelines on measuring subjective well-being. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264191655-en
Ottonelli, V., y Torresi, T. (2013). When is migration voluntary? International Migration Review, 47(4), 783-813. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12048
Pascal, J., Abbey-Huguenin, H., Leux, C., Lombrail, P., y Lert, F. (2009). Social vulnerability and unmet preventive care needs in outpatients of two French public hospitals. European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 403-411. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp033
Perez, J. (2011). A Middle-class journeys: A comparative study of the residential and housing outcomes of Caribbean Latino, Black, and White native New Yorkers [PhD dissertation, Fordham University]. https://www.proquest.com/docview/866658455
Ratha, D., Eigen-Zucchi, C., y Plaza, S. (2016). Migration and remittances Factbook 2016. World Bank Publications. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23743/9781464803192.pdf
Robert, G., Martínez, J. M., García, A. M., Benavides, F. G., y Ronda, E. (2014). From the boom to the crisis: Changes in employment conditions of immigrants in Spain and their effects on mental health. European Journal of Public Health, 24(3), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku020
Safi, M. (2010). Immigrants’ life satisfaction in Europe: Between assimilation and discrimination. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp013
Sánchez, A. (2006). Crecimiento económico, desigualdad y pobreza: Una reflexión a partir de Kuznets. Problemas del Desarrollo, 37(145), 11-30.
Sayad, A. (2004). The suffering of the immigrant. Polity Press.
Snowden, L. R., y Yamada, A-M. (2005). Cultural differences in access to care. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 143-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143846
Stark, O., y Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. American Economic Review, 75(2), 173-178.
Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D., y Rohorua, H. (2015). Miserable migrants? Natural experiment evidence on international migration and objective and subjective well-being. World Development, 65, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.07.003
Tijoux, M. E. (2017). Inmigrantes y racismo en Chile. En Le monde diplomatique (Ed.), Inmigrantes y refugiados: En Chile y el mundo. Editorial aún creemos en los sueños.
Torres, P. (2019). Precarización del capital humano en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. El caso del voluntariado en albergues turísticos y hostales. Trilogía (Santiago), 31(42), 68-80.
Ucak, A. (2015). Adam Smith: The inspirer of modern growth theories. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 663-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.258
United Nations - UN (2011). Happiness: Towards a holistic approach to development. Resolution 65/309 adopted by the General Assembly. UN. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/715187
Wu, P. C. (2018). Seeing the voice of Taiwanese cuisine: Chinese University students’ perspective. ICIC Express Letters, Part B: Applications, 9(5), 405-411.
Zaltman, G. (1996). Metaphorically speaking. New technique uses multidisciplinary ideas to improve qualitative research. Marketing Research, 8(2), 13-20.
Zaltman, G. (2014). Are You Mistaking Facts for Insights? Journal of Advertising Research, 54(4), 373-376. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-54-4-373-376
Zaltman, G., y Coulter, R. H. (1995). Seeing de voice of the customer: Methapor-based advertising research. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(4), 34-51.
Zanchetta, M. S., McCrae, S., Galhego-Garcia, W., Smolentzov, V. M. N., Talbot, Y., Riutort, M., Galhego, A. M. M. F., De Souza, T. J., Caldas, R. S., Costa, E., Kamikihara, M. M., y Smolentzov, S. (2008). Effectiveness of community health agents' actions in situations of social vulnerability. Health Education Research, 24(2), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn023