Rol del afrontamiento al estrés en la gestión pública de emergencias: Revisión sistemática en bomberos (2010-2025)

• Víctor Bryan Cuadros Mariños Universidad Cesar Vallejo. Lima, Perú. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2185-739X

Palabras clave: rol, afrontamiento al estrés, gestión pública, emergencias, bomberos

Resumen

La revisión tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la evidencia disponible  (2010-2025)  sobre   estrategias   de   afrontamiento al estrés en bomberos y su relación con la gestión pública de emergencias. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo PRISMA 2020, buscando estudios empíricos cuantitativos, cualitativos y mixtos en SciELO, Scopus y PubMed sobre afrontamiento, estrés, TEPT, burnout y resiliencia organizacional en bomberos de servicios públicos; de 268 registros se incluyeron 20 estudios tras evaluación crítica. Los resultados muestran que los bomberos presentan una exposición muy frecuente a eventos traumáticos, con alta prevalencia de TEPT, burnout, depresión y ansiedad. Las estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas (regulación emocional, apoyo social, planificación activa y afrontamiento centrado en el problema) se asocian con menos síntomas psicológicos, mejor toma de decisiones bajo presión y mayor resiliencia organizacional. Los programas de bienestar basados en la taxonomía NIC podrían reducir ausentismo, mejorar la retención y la capacidad institucional de respuesta, generando ahorros en salud pública. Se concluye que el afrontamiento efectivo es clave para la salud mental y el desempeño operativo. En Perú se recomiendan programas de resiliencia y políticas públicas de salud mental con unidades especializadas e indicadores de resiliencia.

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