Russian policy of discrimination and assimilation regarding ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea after 2014
Política rusa de discriminación y asimilación hacia los ucranianos étnicos en Crimea después de 2014
Palabras clave:
Crimea, ucranianos, derechos, discriminación, asimilación
Resumen
El artículo analiza la política rusa de discriminación y asimilación de la comunidad ucraniana en la Crimea ocupada. Habiendo analizado una gran cantidad de información y utilizando los métodos y principios de las ciencias históricas, sociológicas y políticas, los autores llegaron a la conclusión de que las acciones de la Federación Rusa hacia los ucranianos de Crimea son de naturaleza discriminatoria, porque consisten en la eliminación de identidad nacional de Ucrania. Se ha establecido que en Crimea se han registrado numerosas violaciones de los derechos de los ucranianos a la libertad de conciencia, se han liquidado ilegalmente organizaciones públicas y políticas ucranianas, el sistema educativo para los habitantes de Crimea de habla ucraniana, la infraestructura de los medios de comunicación, los centros y los monumentos de Ucrania. Además, la cultura y las instituciones religiosas están siendo destruidas. En las conclusiones, se afirma que el Estado de la comunidad ucraniana en Crimea se está deteriorando. Los autores proponen como uno de los componentes importantes de la política estatal de la futura desocupación y reintegración de Crimea, la protección de la identidad ucraniana de los habitantes de Crimea y el apoyo total a la ucraniana de Crimea.
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BOOK OF TESTIMONIES: ANATOMY OF THE RUSSIAN ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA. 2019. Edited, translated, accompanied by texts by Anna Andrievska, Olena Halimon, ed. Vadym Divnych / Institute of Criticism; Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University. Krytyka, Ukraine, illustrations. Kyiv, Ukraine.
CRIMEAN HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP. 2021. Ukraine submitted to The Hague new facts about mass persecution of journalists on the occupied peninsula. 2021. Available online. In: https://crimeahrg.org/uk/ukrayina-peredala-do-gaagy-novi-fakty-pro-masovi-peresliduvannya-ukrayinskyh-ta-inozemnyh-zhurnalistiv-na-okupovanomu-pivostrovi. Consultation date: 20/04/2023.
CRIMEAN LIGHTHOUSE. 2023. At least 149 Ukrainians are behind bars in Crimea due to political persecution. No. 4. Available online. In: http://svitlytsia.crimea.ua/index.php?section=article&artID=24848. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
DOROSH, Svitlana. 2016. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: more than 30 Ukrainian political prisoners are in prisons in Russia and Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-38378483. Consultation date: 12/04/2023.
ESMANOVA, Kateryna; SUDAKOVA, Natalia. 2018. In what conditions are the prisoners of the Kremlin kept. Ukrainian Pravda. Available online. In: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/05/16/7180392. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
GROMENKO, Serhiy. 2017. KrymNash. The history of the Russian myth. Illustrations. Kyiv, Ukraine.
HAY-NIZHNYK Pavlo; BATRYMENKO, Oleg; CHUPRIY, Leonid. 2015. “The reintegration of Crimea and the weakening of the Crimean regional pro- Russian identity in the context of the implementation of the national security policy of Ukraine” In: Gilead. Vol. 103, No. 12, pp. 333–339.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPOSING CITIZENSHIP IN CRIMEA. REPORT. 2019. Available online. In: https://www.irf.ua/content/files/report_crimea_human_rights.pdf. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
HUMENIUK, Natalia. 2020. The lost island. Book of reports from the occupied Crimea. Stary Lev Publishing House. Lviv, Ukraine.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSPECTIVE STUDIES. 2015. The status of Crimea through the prism of public opinion. Available online. In: https://icps.com.ua/assets/uploads/files/national_dialogue_opinion_ poll_2_part_ua.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2023.
IVANETS, Andriy. 2021. Expert-analytical report «Community of ethnic Ukrainians of Crimea under the conditions of Russian occupation as of 2020: discrimination, self-preservation potential and supporting actions of Ukraine.» Ukrainian Culture Publishing House. Kyiv, Ukraine.
KOFMAN, Michael; MIGACHEVA, Katya; NICHIPORUK, Brian; RADIN, Andrew; TKACHEVA, Olesya; OBERHOLTZER, Jenny. 2014. Lessons from Russia’s Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports /RR1498. html. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
LUBINETS, Dmytro. 2023. Everything started wh Crimea, everything must end in Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.facebook.com/dmytro.lubinets/posts/3013173172323789. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
LYKHOVYD, Inna. 2023. Educational de-occupation: why they teach in Crimean schools and how to integrate Crimean children into the Ukrainian space after the liberation of the peninsula. Available online. In: https://nus.org.ua/articles/osvitnya-deokupatsiya-chomu-vchat-v-shkolah-krymu-ta-yak-integruvaty-krymskyh-ditej-v-ukrayinskyj-prostir-pislya-zvilnennya-pivostrova. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
MEDIA DETECTOR. 2021. In Crimea, the number of media has decreased by 80% during the 7 years of occupation - the head of the Department for the Development of Crimean Tatar Media. Available online. In: https://detector.media/community/article/187202/2021-04-20-u-krymu-na-80-skorotylasya-kilkist-media-za-7-rokiv-okupatsii-golova-upravlinnya-z-rozvytku-krymskotatarskykh-zmi. Consultation date: 15/04/2023.
MEDIA DETECTOR. 2023. Illegally imprisoned citizen journalist Iryna Danylovych was not provided with the promised treatment. Available online. In: https://cs.detector.media/community/texts/185336/2023-04-10-nezakonno-uvyazneniy-gromadyanskiy-zhurnaliststi-iryni-danylovych-ne-nadaly-obitsyane-likuvannya. Consultation date: 15/04/2023.
MEDVID, Rudolph. 2023. Crimea: «traces» of the occupied ukrainian heritage. Available online. In: https://ua.krymr.com/a/krym-ukraina-mova-kultura-spadschyna-okupatsia/32381928.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2023.
MIROSHNYCHENKO, Vladyslav. 2023. Destruction of education in the Ukrainian language in the occupied Crimea. 2023. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/znyshchennia-osvity-ukrainskoiu-movoiu-v-okupovanomu-rymu/?fbclid=IwAR1xEq4 U2ucdUXCtwf0yhoKk2kdAzjaAkOruRdxFus9lHnjb-P6tM_xz6A. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
MUZYKA, Ivan. 2021. The occupiers have strengthened the blocking of the ukrainian radio signal in crimea, – human rights defenders. 2021. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/society/2021/10/01/495225_okupanti_posilili_blokuvannya.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
OKHREDKO, Oleg. 2020. «Potemkin villages of education after annexation». Government Courier.
PALSHKOV, Kostyantyn. 2023. Dynamics of public opinion regarding the problem of deoccupation of Crimea. Crimea is Ukraine: the strategy of deoccupation and reintegration: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Round Table. Yuridyka Publishing House. Odesa, Ukraine.
PROSPECTS OF UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS. (CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES AND PRACTICAL STEPS). 2015. In: National security and defense. Vol. 157–158, No. 8–9, р. 2.
RADIO FREEDOM. 2018. Human rights defender: the sentence against Ukrainian Limeshko in the annexed Crimea is politically motivated. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news/29221867.html. Consultation date: 12/04/2023.
RADIO FREEDOM. 2021. Activists organized a marathon in support of the convicted crimean political prisoner Oleksiy Bessarabov. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-bessarabov-politvyazen- aktsiya-pidtrymka/31594664.html. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
SAMCHUK, Taras. 2018. Historical Narrative for the Occupied Peninsula: Changes in Approaches to Teaching History in Crimea. Available online. In: http://www.ucipr.org.ua/ua/med-a/research-updates/storichniy-narativ-dlya-okupovanogo-p-vostrova-zm-ni-u-p-dhodah-do-vikladannya-stor-v-krimu. Consultation date: 18/04/2023.
UKRAINIAN HELSINKI UNION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. 2023. 9 years of occupation and resistance in Crimea: 180 ukrainian citizens are still behind bars. Available online. In: https://www.helsinki.org.ua/articles/9-rokiv-okupatsii-ta-sprotyvu-v-krymu-180-hromadian-ukrainy-dosi-perebuvaiut-za-gratamy. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
UKRINFORM. August 19. 2021. During the years of occupation, the number of mass media in Crimea decreased by 80% – media expert. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-crimea/3230666-za-roki- okupacii-kilkist-zmi-u-krimu-skorotilasa-na-80-mediaekspertka.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
UKRINFORM. August 20. 2021. The majority of Ukrainians support the de- occupation and return of Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-crimea/3301649-bilsist-ukrainciv-za-deokupaciu-ta-povernenna-krimu.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. CULTURE. 2020. Monitoring of violations of international humanitarian law regarding the preservation of cultural heritage in the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/monitorynh-porushennia-mizhnarodnoho-humanitarnoho-prava-shchodo-zberezhennia-kulturnoi-spadshchyny-na-tymchasovo-okupovanij-terytorii-ar-krym-ta-m-sevastopolia. Consultation date: 18/04/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. CULTURE. 2023. Cultural heritage of Ukraine in Crimea. damage and destruction. information review. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/vazhlyvi-rekomendatsii-iaki-vsi-rozumiiut-berutsia-do-uvahy-ale-na-zhal-ne-do-vykonannia. Consultation date: 23/05/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. INFORMATION AGENCY. 2015. Crimean events from october 5 to 11. Available online. In: https://voicecrimea.com.ua/main/3443.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2023.
ZADOROZHNYI, Alexander. 2015. “Consequences of the illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula for the international legal order” In: Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University. Series: Law. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 187–190.
CRIMEAN HUMAN RIGHTS GROUP. 2021. Ukraine submitted to The Hague new facts about mass persecution of journalists on the occupied peninsula. 2021. Available online. In: https://crimeahrg.org/uk/ukrayina-peredala-do-gaagy-novi-fakty-pro-masovi-peresliduvannya-ukrayinskyh-ta-inozemnyh-zhurnalistiv-na-okupovanomu-pivostrovi. Consultation date: 20/04/2023.
CRIMEAN LIGHTHOUSE. 2023. At least 149 Ukrainians are behind bars in Crimea due to political persecution. No. 4. Available online. In: http://svitlytsia.crimea.ua/index.php?section=article&artID=24848. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
DOROSH, Svitlana. 2016. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: more than 30 Ukrainian political prisoners are in prisons in Russia and Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-38378483. Consultation date: 12/04/2023.
ESMANOVA, Kateryna; SUDAKOVA, Natalia. 2018. In what conditions are the prisoners of the Kremlin kept. Ukrainian Pravda. Available online. In: https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2018/05/16/7180392. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
GROMENKO, Serhiy. 2017. KrymNash. The history of the Russian myth. Illustrations. Kyiv, Ukraine.
HAY-NIZHNYK Pavlo; BATRYMENKO, Oleg; CHUPRIY, Leonid. 2015. “The reintegration of Crimea and the weakening of the Crimean regional pro- Russian identity in the context of the implementation of the national security policy of Ukraine” In: Gilead. Vol. 103, No. 12, pp. 333–339.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPOSING CITIZENSHIP IN CRIMEA. REPORT. 2019. Available online. In: https://www.irf.ua/content/files/report_crimea_human_rights.pdf. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
HUMENIUK, Natalia. 2020. The lost island. Book of reports from the occupied Crimea. Stary Lev Publishing House. Lviv, Ukraine.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR PROSPECTIVE STUDIES. 2015. The status of Crimea through the prism of public opinion. Available online. In: https://icps.com.ua/assets/uploads/files/national_dialogue_opinion_ poll_2_part_ua.pdf. Consultation date: 20/04/2023.
IVANETS, Andriy. 2021. Expert-analytical report «Community of ethnic Ukrainians of Crimea under the conditions of Russian occupation as of 2020: discrimination, self-preservation potential and supporting actions of Ukraine.» Ukrainian Culture Publishing House. Kyiv, Ukraine.
KOFMAN, Michael; MIGACHEVA, Katya; NICHIPORUK, Brian; RADIN, Andrew; TKACHEVA, Olesya; OBERHOLTZER, Jenny. 2014. Lessons from Russia’s Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports /RR1498. html. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
LUBINETS, Dmytro. 2023. Everything started wh Crimea, everything must end in Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.facebook.com/dmytro.lubinets/posts/3013173172323789. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
LYKHOVYD, Inna. 2023. Educational de-occupation: why they teach in Crimean schools and how to integrate Crimean children into the Ukrainian space after the liberation of the peninsula. Available online. In: https://nus.org.ua/articles/osvitnya-deokupatsiya-chomu-vchat-v-shkolah-krymu-ta-yak-integruvaty-krymskyh-ditej-v-ukrayinskyj-prostir-pislya-zvilnennya-pivostrova. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
MEDIA DETECTOR. 2021. In Crimea, the number of media has decreased by 80% during the 7 years of occupation - the head of the Department for the Development of Crimean Tatar Media. Available online. In: https://detector.media/community/article/187202/2021-04-20-u-krymu-na-80-skorotylasya-kilkist-media-za-7-rokiv-okupatsii-golova-upravlinnya-z-rozvytku-krymskotatarskykh-zmi. Consultation date: 15/04/2023.
MEDIA DETECTOR. 2023. Illegally imprisoned citizen journalist Iryna Danylovych was not provided with the promised treatment. Available online. In: https://cs.detector.media/community/texts/185336/2023-04-10-nezakonno-uvyazneniy-gromadyanskiy-zhurnaliststi-iryni-danylovych-ne-nadaly-obitsyane-likuvannya. Consultation date: 15/04/2023.
MEDVID, Rudolph. 2023. Crimea: «traces» of the occupied ukrainian heritage. Available online. In: https://ua.krymr.com/a/krym-ukraina-mova-kultura-spadschyna-okupatsia/32381928.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2023.
MIROSHNYCHENKO, Vladyslav. 2023. Destruction of education in the Ukrainian language in the occupied Crimea. 2023. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/znyshchennia-osvity-ukrainskoiu-movoiu-v-okupovanomu-rymu/?fbclid=IwAR1xEq4 U2ucdUXCtwf0yhoKk2kdAzjaAkOruRdxFus9lHnjb-P6tM_xz6A. Consultation date: 17/04/2023.
MUZYKA, Ivan. 2021. The occupiers have strengthened the blocking of the ukrainian radio signal in crimea, – human rights defenders. 2021. Available online. In: https://lb.ua/society/2021/10/01/495225_okupanti_posilili_blokuvannya.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
OKHREDKO, Oleg. 2020. «Potemkin villages of education after annexation». Government Courier.
PALSHKOV, Kostyantyn. 2023. Dynamics of public opinion regarding the problem of deoccupation of Crimea. Crimea is Ukraine: the strategy of deoccupation and reintegration: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Round Table. Yuridyka Publishing House. Odesa, Ukraine.
PROSPECTS OF UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS. (CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES AND PRACTICAL STEPS). 2015. In: National security and defense. Vol. 157–158, No. 8–9, р. 2.
RADIO FREEDOM. 2018. Human rights defender: the sentence against Ukrainian Limeshko in the annexed Crimea is politically motivated. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news/29221867.html. Consultation date: 12/04/2023.
RADIO FREEDOM. 2021. Activists organized a marathon in support of the convicted crimean political prisoner Oleksiy Bessarabov. Available online. In: https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-bessarabov-politvyazen- aktsiya-pidtrymka/31594664.html. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
SAMCHUK, Taras. 2018. Historical Narrative for the Occupied Peninsula: Changes in Approaches to Teaching History in Crimea. Available online. In: http://www.ucipr.org.ua/ua/med-a/research-updates/storichniy-narativ-dlya-okupovanogo-p-vostrova-zm-ni-u-p-dhodah-do-vikladannya-stor-v-krimu. Consultation date: 18/04/2023.
UKRAINIAN HELSINKI UNION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. 2023. 9 years of occupation and resistance in Crimea: 180 ukrainian citizens are still behind bars. Available online. In: https://www.helsinki.org.ua/articles/9-rokiv-okupatsii-ta-sprotyvu-v-krymu-180-hromadian-ukrainy-dosi-perebuvaiut-za-gratamy. Consultation date: 11/04/2023.
UKRINFORM. August 19. 2021. During the years of occupation, the number of mass media in Crimea decreased by 80% – media expert. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-crimea/3230666-za-roki- okupacii-kilkist-zmi-u-krimu-skorotilasa-na-80-mediaekspertka.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
UKRINFORM. August 20. 2021. The majority of Ukrainians support the de- occupation and return of Crimea. Available online. In: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-crimea/3301649-bilsist-ukrainciv-za-deokupaciu-ta-povernenna-krimu.html. Consultation date: 19/04/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. CULTURE. 2020. Monitoring of violations of international humanitarian law regarding the preservation of cultural heritage in the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/monitorynh-porushennia-mizhnarodnoho-humanitarnoho-prava-shchodo-zberezhennia-kulturnoi-spadshchyny-na-tymchasovo-okupovanij-terytorii-ar-krym-ta-m-sevastopolia. Consultation date: 18/04/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. CULTURE. 2023. Cultural heritage of Ukraine in Crimea. damage and destruction. information review. Available online. In: https://culture.voicecrimea.com.ua/uk/vazhlyvi-rekomendatsii-iaki-vsi-rozumiiut-berutsia-do-uvahy-ale-na-zhal-ne-do-vykonannia. Consultation date: 23/05/2023.
VOICE OF CRIMEA. INFORMATION AGENCY. 2015. Crimean events from october 5 to 11. Available online. In: https://voicecrimea.com.ua/main/3443.html. Consultation date: 16/04/2023.
ZADOROZHNYI, Alexander. 2015. “Consequences of the illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula for the international legal order” In: Scientific Bulletin of the Uzhhorod National University. Series: Law. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 187–190.
Publicado
2023-10-13
Cómo citar
Krasnodemska, I., Hazizova, O., Nastoiashcha, K., & Sorochuk, L. (2023). Russian policy of discrimination and assimilation regarding ethnic Ukrainians in Crimea after 2014: Política rusa de discriminación y asimilación hacia los ucranianos étnicos en Crimea después de 2014. Cuestiones Políticas, 41(79), 172-196. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4179.12
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