Improved Planning of Information Policy in the Cyber Security Sphere under Conditions of Hybrid Threats
Mejora de la Planificación de la Política de Información en el Ámbito de la Ciberseguridad en Condiciones de Amenazas Híbridas
Palabras clave:
amenazas de información, amenaza híbrida, ciberseguridad estatal, desinformación, política de información
Resumen
El estudio tuvo como objetivo considerar el estado actual de la política de información de planificación en el ámbito de la seguridad cibernética bajo amenazas híbridas intensificadas, utilizando los métodos de comparación y observación. El estudio realizado mostró que, ante la intensificación de las amenazas híbridas, los Estados deben desarrollar enfoques comunes para implementar la política de información estatal y garantizar la ciberseguridad de la información. Frente a la agresión oculta y directa de Rusia, los gobiernos deben desarrollar un sistema efectivo para implementar políticas nacionales de información para garantizar la seguridad de la información e introducir nuevas estructuras y mecanismos estatales para la detección y neutralización oportunas de amenazas a los intereses nacionales en la esfera de la seguridad de la información. Se concluye sobre la necesidad de contrarrestar el comportamiento destructivo de los Estados que utilizan amenazas híbridas a nivel nacional y supranacional y se explica el bajo nivel de protección de la información en los Estados individuales y las instituciones internacionales. La Unión Europea y la OTAN pueden desempeñar un papel clave de apoyo y ofrecer soporte cuando las respuestas nacionales a las amenazas a la ciberseguridad hayan resultado insuficientes.
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BALCAEN, Pieter; DU BOIS, Cind; BUTS, Caroline. 2022. “A Game-theoretic Analysis of Hybrid Threats” In: Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26-41.
BĒRZIŅA ČERENKOVA, Una Aleksandra; PAMMENT, James; SAZONOV, Vladimir; GRANELLI, Francesca; ADAY, Sean; ANDŽĀNS, Māris; GRAVELINES, John-Paul; HILLS, Mils; HOLMSTROM, Miranda; KLUS, Adam; MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ, Irene; MATTIISEN, Mariita; MOLDER, Holger; MORAKABATI, Yeganeh; SARI, Aurel; SIMONS, Gregory; TERRA, Jonathan. 2019. Hybrid Threats: A Strategic Communications Perspective. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. Available online. In: https://stratcomcoe. org/publications/hybrid-threats-a-strategic- ommunications- perspective/79. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
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DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 685/2021. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated October 15, 2021 “On Information Security Strategy”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/6852021-41069. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
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DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2022. No. 37/2022. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated December 30, 2021 “On the Implementation Plan of the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/37/2022#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DRAGOS, Valentina; FORRESTER, Bruce; REIN, Kellyn. 2020. “Is hybrid AI suited for hybrid threats? Insights from social media analysis” In: 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Information Fusion (pp. 1-7). Available online. In: https://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ FUSION45008.2020.9190465. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
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HLUSHKO,Alina;PANTAS,Vasyl;BABENKO,Sofiia.2022.“Informationpolicy in the system of ensuring financial security of the state” In: Efektyvna ekonomika. Vol. 2. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32702/2307- 2105-2022.2.95. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
HOWLETT, Michael. 2019. Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments (2nd Ed.). Routledge. London, UK.
JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL. 2016. Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats a European Union response. JOIN/2016/018 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016JC0018. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND THE COUNCIL. 2018. Increasing resilience and bolstering capabilities to address hybrid threats. JOIN/2018/16 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018JC0016. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
KALNIETE, Sandra; PILDEGOVIČS, Tomass. 2021. “Strengthening the EU’s resilience to hybrid threats” In: European View. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 23–33.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1992 No. 2657-XII. On Information. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1998. No. 183/98-BP. On the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/183/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2017. No. 2163-VIII. On the basic principles of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2163-19#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2018. No. 2469-VIII. On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469- 19#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LONARDO, Luigi. 2021. “EU Law Against Hybrid Threats: A First Assessment” In: European Papers. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1075-1096.
LUO, Han; CAI, Meng; CUI, Ying. 2021. “Spread of Misinformation in Social Networks: Analysis Based on Weibo Tweets” In: Security and Communication Networks. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7999760 Available online. In: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ scn/2021/7999760/. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
MAOR, Moshe. 2020. “Policy over- and under-design: an information quality perspective” In: Policy Sciences. Vol. 53, pp. 395-411.
NILSSON, Niklas; WEISSMANN, Mikael; PALMERTZ, Björn; THUNHOLM, Per; HÄGGSTRÖM, Henrik. 2021. “Security challenges in the grey zone: Hybrid threats and hybrid warfare” In: WEISSMANN, Mikael; NILSSON, Niklas; PALMERTZ, Björn; THUNHOLM, Per (Eds.), Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations (pp. 1-18). London, UK.
RATSYBORINSKA, Vira. 2022. “EU-NATO and the Eastern Partnership countries against hybrid threats (2016-2021)” In: National Security and the Future. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 144-156.
RE:BALTICA. 2020. Re:Check kļūst par oficiālajiem FB faktu pārbaudes partneriem. Available online. In: https://rebaltica.lv/2020/03/recheck- klust-par-oficialajiem-fb-faktu-parbaudes-partneriem/. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. 2014. No. 341. On approval of the Regulations on the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/341-2014-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 94. On the implementation of an experimental project on the functioning of the National Center for Reservation of State Information Resources. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/94-2021-%D0%BF#n8. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
SPERANZA, Lauren. 2020. A Strategic Concept for Countering Russian and Chinese Hybrid Threats. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Council, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, July. Available online. In: https:// www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Strategic- Concept-for-Countering-Russian-and-Chinese-Hybrid-Threats-Web. pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE. 2022. Four months of war: statistics of cyberattacks. Available online. In: https://cip.gov.ua/ua/news/chotiri- misyaci-viini-statistika-kiberatak. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
SZYMAŃSKI, Piotr. 2020. Towards greater resilience: NATO and the EU on hybrid threats. OSW Commentary 2020-04-24. UNSPECIFIED. Available online. In: http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/103308. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
TAHERDOOST, Hamed; MADANCHIAN, Mitra; EBRAHIMI, Mona. 2021. “Advancement of Cybersecurity and Information Security Awareness to Facilitate Digital Transformation: Opportunities and Challenges” In: SANDHU, Kamaljeet (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Advancing Cybersecurity for Digital Transformation (pp. 99-117). IGI Global. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6975-7. ch006. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
VARONIS. 2022. 166 Cybersecurity Statistics and Trends (updated 2022). Available online. In: https://www.varonis.com/blog/cybersecurity- statistics. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
VESELOVA, Liliia. 2021. “Administrative and legal foundations of cyber security in conditions of hybrid warfare” In: Dissertation for the Doctor of Law degree. Odesa: Odessa State University of Internal Affairs. Available online. In: http://oduvs.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ Disertatsiya_Veselovoi_L.YU..pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
WIGELL, Mikael. 2019. “Hybrid interference as a wedge strategy: a theory of external interference in liberal democracy” In: International Affairs. Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 255–275.
WIJNJA, Kim. 2022. “Countering hybrid threats: does strategic culture matter?” In: Defence Studies. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 16-34.
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ARSENOVYCH, Levon. 2021. “Ways of forming a system of personnel training in the field of cyber security of the state authorities of Ukraine in the conditions of the development of the digital society of Ukraine” In: Actual problems of state information security management: a collection of theses of scientific reports. XII All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference. National Academy of the Security Service of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.
BAJARŪNAS, Eitvydas. 2020. “Addressing Hybrid Threats: Priorities for the EU in 2020 and Beyond” In: European View. Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 62-70.
BALCAEN, Pieter; DU BOIS, Cind; BUTS, Caroline. 2022. “A Game-theoretic Analysis of Hybrid Threats” In: Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26-41.
BĒRZIŅA ČERENKOVA, Una Aleksandra; PAMMENT, James; SAZONOV, Vladimir; GRANELLI, Francesca; ADAY, Sean; ANDŽĀNS, Māris; GRAVELINES, John-Paul; HILLS, Mils; HOLMSTROM, Miranda; KLUS, Adam; MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ, Irene; MATTIISEN, Mariita; MOLDER, Holger; MORAKABATI, Yeganeh; SARI, Aurel; SIMONS, Gregory; TERRA, Jonathan. 2019. Hybrid Threats: A Strategic Communications Perspective. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. Available online. In: https://stratcomcoe. org/publications/hybrid-threats-a-strategic- ommunications- perspective/79. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
BONDAR, Hanna; RAKUTINA, Liudmyla. 2019. “Information policy and information security” In: Public Administration and Customs Administration. Vol. 4, No.23, pp. 42-49. Available online. In: https:// doi.org/10.32836/2310-9653-2019-4-42-49. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
CISCO CYBERSECURITY REPORT. 2020. Securing What’s Now and What’s Next: 20 Cybersecurity Considerations for 2020. CISO Benchmark Study. Available online. In: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/m/en_hk/ ciscolive/2020-ciso-benchmark-cybersecurity-series.pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
COMPUTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM OF UKRAINE. 2021. List of categories of cyber incidents. Available online. In: https://cert.gov.ua/ recommendation/16904. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2019. Council Conclusions on complementary efforts to Enhance Resilience and Counter Hybrid Threats (Vol. 14972/19). Brussels. Available online. In: https://data. consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-14972-2019-INIT/en/pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE dated March 15, 2016 No. 96/2016. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated January 27, 2016 “On the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/ documents/962016-19836. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE dated September 14, 2020 No. 392/2020. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated September 14, 2020 “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/392/2020#n7. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 106/2021. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated March 11, 2021 “On the establishment of the Center for countering disinformation”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/ documents/1062021-37421. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 446/2021. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated May 14, 2021 “On urgent measures for the cyber defence of the state”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/446/2021#n5. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 447/2021. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated May 14, 2021 “On the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/447/2021#n7. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 685/2021. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated October 15, 2021 “On Information Security Strategy”. Available online. In: https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/6852021-41069. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2022. No. 152/2022. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated March 18, 2022 “Regarding the implementation of a unified information policy under martial law”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/152/2022#n2. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE. 2022. No. 37/2022. On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated December 30, 2021 “On the Implementation Plan of the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine”. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/show/37/2022#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
DRAGOS, Valentina; FORRESTER, Bruce; REIN, Kellyn. 2020. “Is hybrid AI suited for hybrid threats? Insights from social media analysis” In: 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Information Fusion (pp. 1-7). Available online. In: https://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ FUSION45008.2020.9190465. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
EUR-LEX. 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the EU Security Union Strategy. COM/2020/605 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0605. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2022a. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Fourth Progress Report on the implementation of the EU Security Union Strategy. COM (2022) 252 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0252. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2022b. The 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation. Available online. In: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa. eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
HLUSHKO,Alina;PANTAS,Vasyl;BABENKO,Sofiia.2022.“Informationpolicy in the system of ensuring financial security of the state” In: Efektyvna ekonomika. Vol. 2. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.32702/2307- 2105-2022.2.95. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
HOWLETT, Michael. 2019. Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments (2nd Ed.). Routledge. London, UK.
JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL. 2016. Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats a European Union response. JOIN/2016/018 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52016JC0018. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL AND THE COUNCIL. 2018. Increasing resilience and bolstering capabilities to address hybrid threats. JOIN/2018/16 final. Brussels. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018JC0016. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
KALNIETE, Sandra; PILDEGOVIČS, Tomass. 2021. “Strengthening the EU’s resilience to hybrid threats” In: European View. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 23–33.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1992 No. 2657-XII. On Information. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2657-12#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 1998. No. 183/98-BP. On the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/183/98-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2017. No. 2163-VIII. On the basic principles of ensuring cyber security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2163-19#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LAW OF UKRAINE. 2018. No. 2469-VIII. On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469- 19#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
LONARDO, Luigi. 2021. “EU Law Against Hybrid Threats: A First Assessment” In: European Papers. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 1075-1096.
LUO, Han; CAI, Meng; CUI, Ying. 2021. “Spread of Misinformation in Social Networks: Analysis Based on Weibo Tweets” In: Security and Communication Networks. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7999760 Available online. In: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ scn/2021/7999760/. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
MAOR, Moshe. 2020. “Policy over- and under-design: an information quality perspective” In: Policy Sciences. Vol. 53, pp. 395-411.
NILSSON, Niklas; WEISSMANN, Mikael; PALMERTZ, Björn; THUNHOLM, Per; HÄGGSTRÖM, Henrik. 2021. “Security challenges in the grey zone: Hybrid threats and hybrid warfare” In: WEISSMANN, Mikael; NILSSON, Niklas; PALMERTZ, Björn; THUNHOLM, Per (Eds.), Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations (pp. 1-18). London, UK.
RATSYBORINSKA, Vira. 2022. “EU-NATO and the Eastern Partnership countries against hybrid threats (2016-2021)” In: National Security and the Future. Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 144-156.
RE:BALTICA. 2020. Re:Check kļūst par oficiālajiem FB faktu pārbaudes partneriem. Available online. In: https://rebaltica.lv/2020/03/recheck- klust-par-oficialajiem-fb-faktu-parbaudes-partneriem/. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. 2014. No. 341. On approval of the Regulations on the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/341-2014-%D0%BF#Text. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
RESOLUTION OF THE CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. 2021. No. 94. On the implementation of an experimental project on the functioning of the National Center for Reservation of State Information Resources. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/94-2021-%D0%BF#n8. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
SPERANZA, Lauren. 2020. A Strategic Concept for Countering Russian and Chinese Hybrid Threats. Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Council, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, July. Available online. In: https:// www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Strategic- Concept-for-Countering-Russian-and-Chinese-Hybrid-Threats-Web. pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
STATE SERVICE OF SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROTECTION OF UKRAINE. 2022. Four months of war: statistics of cyberattacks. Available online. In: https://cip.gov.ua/ua/news/chotiri- misyaci-viini-statistika-kiberatak. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
SZYMAŃSKI, Piotr. 2020. Towards greater resilience: NATO and the EU on hybrid threats. OSW Commentary 2020-04-24. UNSPECIFIED. Available online. In: http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/103308. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
TAHERDOOST, Hamed; MADANCHIAN, Mitra; EBRAHIMI, Mona. 2021. “Advancement of Cybersecurity and Information Security Awareness to Facilitate Digital Transformation: Opportunities and Challenges” In: SANDHU, Kamaljeet (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Advancing Cybersecurity for Digital Transformation (pp. 99-117). IGI Global. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6975-7. ch006. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
VARONIS. 2022. 166 Cybersecurity Statistics and Trends (updated 2022). Available online. In: https://www.varonis.com/blog/cybersecurity- statistics. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
VESELOVA, Liliia. 2021. “Administrative and legal foundations of cyber security in conditions of hybrid warfare” In: Dissertation for the Doctor of Law degree. Odesa: Odessa State University of Internal Affairs. Available online. In: http://oduvs.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ Disertatsiya_Veselovoi_L.YU..pdf. Consultation date: 15/04/2022.
WIGELL, Mikael. 2019. “Hybrid interference as a wedge strategy: a theory of external interference in liberal democracy” In: International Affairs. Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 255–275.
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Publicado
2022-10-18
Cómo citar
Dziundziuk, V., Krutii, O., Sobol, R., Kotukova, T., & Kotukov, O. (2022). Improved Planning of Information Policy in the Cyber Security Sphere under Conditions of Hybrid Threats: Mejora de la Planificación de la Política de Información en el Ámbito de la Ciberseguridad en Condiciones de Amenazas Híbridas. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(74), 741-763. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.41
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