The role of the international institutions in the protection of human rights and freedoms in the sphere of national security
El papel de las instituciones internacionales en la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional
Palabras clave:
ecosistema de seguridad, organismos supranacionales, crisis de seguridad, amenazas transfronterizas, consenso político
Resumen
La necesidad de cambios cualitativos en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional exige también la transformación de las instituciones internacionales encargadas de la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades. Por tanto, el objetivo del artículo fue identificar el papel de las instituciones internacionales en la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional. Las principales herramientas metodológicas fueron el método de observación y el método jurídico comparado. Actualmente existe un aumento dinámico en el número de tratados internacionales ratificados en el ámbito de los derechos humanos. Las instituciones internacionales están haciendo muchos esfuerzos para lograr el más alto nivel de eficiencia de los mecanismos de protección adecuados. La autorización de una guerra ilegal expone a los Estados a ser procesados en tribunales internacionales. Todo permite concluir que la capacidad competencial de las instituciones parece estar limitada ante el aumento de las violaciones de los derechos humanos en muchas regiones del mundo, lo que lleva a la necesidad de reformar los instrumentos jurídicos internacionales y los procedimientos pertinentes para la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional.
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Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 2022. Resolution on the cessation of the membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe. Available online. In: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5da51. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
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GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2022a. Ukraine received the status of a candidate for EU membership. Available online. In: https://www.kmu. gov.ua/news/ukrayina-otrimala-status-kandidata-na-chlenstvo-v-yes. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2022b. State Intelligence Service: Statistics of cyber-attacks for four months of the war. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/derzhspeczvyazku-statistika-kiberatak- za-chotiri-misyaci-vijni. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
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ICCPR. 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). 16 December. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/ international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
ICESCR. 1966. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). 16 December. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/ instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural- rights. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2022. Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation). Request for the indication of provisional measures. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij. org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
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MANTU, John Ishaku. 2019. “International Institutions and the Protection of Human Rights Regionally and Internationally”. In: SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449790. Available online. In: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3449790. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
MORRIS, Sean. 2020. “National Security and Human Rights in International Law”. Groningen Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 123-149.
MORTON, Jeffrey; MAESELIN, Samantha. 2020. “18: Empowering International Human Security Regimes”. In: Lautensach, А. and Lautensach, S. Human Security in World Affairs: Problems and Opportunities (2nd edition). Victoria: BCcampus. Available online. In: https://opentextbc.ca/humansecurity/chapter/international-hs- regimes/. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2012. Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. 2012/C 326/02. 26.10.2012. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
OHCHR. 2022. Ukraine: civilian casualty update 4 July 2022. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/07/ukraine-civilian- casualty-update-4-july-2022. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
PETERS, Anne; ASKIN, Elif. 2020. “The International Protection of Human Rights in the Era of Postglobalism and Populism” In: MPIL Research Paper. Vol. 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590257. Available online. In: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3590257. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
SANDOVAL, Clara; LEACH, Philip; MURRAY, Rachel. 2020. “Monitoring, Cajoling and Promoting Dialogue: What Role for Supranational Human Rights Bodies in the Implementation of Individual Decisions?” In: Journal of Human Rights Practice. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 71–100.
SŁUGOCKI, Wojciech Łukasz; SOWA, Bogdan. 2021. “Disinformation as a threat to national security on the example of the COVID-19 pandemic” In: Security and Defence Quarterly. Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 63-74.
SUBRAMANIAN, Sarib. 2022. “UN Security Council and Human Rights: An Inquiry into the Legal Foundations of the Responsibility to Protect in International Law” In: Utrecht Journal of International and European Law. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp.20-40.
THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2022. Resolution of the European Court of Human Rights on the consequences of the cessation of membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe in light of Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights. 22/03/2022. Available online. In: https://echr.coe.int/Documents/ Resolution_ECHR_cessation_membership_Russia_CoE_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
TORBISCO-CASALS, Neus. 2022. “The legitimacy of international courts: The challenge of diversity” In: Journal of Social Philosophy. Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 491-515.
UN.FIRSTCOMMITTEE.2020.FirstCommitteeApproves15DraftResolutions, Decisions on Disarmament Measures, Including 2 Following Different Paths towards Keeping Cyberspace Safe. GA/DIS/3659. 11/09/2020. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/gadis3659. doc.htm. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
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UN. GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 2022. General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops. GA/12407. 03/02/2022. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/ga12407.doc. htm. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
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UNITED NATIONS. 1945. Charter of the United Nations. Available online. In: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2018. Law of Ukraine dated June 21, 2018 No. 2469-VIII On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469-19#Text. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
BENGTSSON, Louise; RHINARD, Mark. 2019. “Securitisation across borders: the case of ‘health security’ cooperation in the European Union” In: West European Politics. Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 346–368.
BINDER, Christina. 2018. “Liberty versus security? A human rights perspective in times of terrorism” In: Spanish yearbook of international law. Vol. 34. https://doi.org/10.15581/010.34.575-595. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
BOGUTSKY, Paul. 2020. Theoretical foundations of formation and development of national security law of Ukraine: thesis. NDIIP NAPN of Ukraine. Kyiv, Ukraine.
CHIZHOV, Denys. 2022. “International standards for ensuring human rights in the field of national security” In: Actual problems of politics. Vol. 69. https://doi.org/10.32837/app.v0i69.1312. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
CIVICUS MONITOR. 2021. Global press release. 13 countries downgraded in new ratings report as civic rights deteriorate globally. Available online. In: https://findings2021.monitor.civicus.org/rating-changes.html.
Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. 2022. Resolution on the cessation of the membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe. Available online. In: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=0900001680a5da51. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
DROBOTOV, Sergiy. 2020. “National security and ensuring human rights in Ukraine” In: Scientific bulletin of public and private law. Vol. 3–2. https://doi.org/10.32844/2618-1258.2020.3-2.3. Available online. In: http://www.nvppp.in.ua/vip/2020/3-2/5.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
ECTHR. 2022. Inter-State case Ukraine v. Russia (X): receipt of completed application form and notification to respondent State. Available online. In: https://echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. 2020. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the European council, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions on the EU Security Union Strategy COM/2020/605 final. Brussels, 24.7.2020. Available online. In: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ TXT/?qid=1596452256370&uri=CELEX:52020DC0605. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 1950. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Rome, 4.XI.1950. Available online. In: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/ convention_eng.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
GILDER, Alexander. 2021. “International law and human security in a kaleidoscopic world”. In: Indian Journal of International Law. Vol. 59, pp. 111-137.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2022a. Ukraine received the status of a candidate for EU membership. Available online. In: https://www.kmu. gov.ua/news/ukrayina-otrimala-status-kandidata-na-chlenstvo-v-yes. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
GOVERNMENT PORTAL OF UKRAINE. 2022b. State Intelligence Service: Statistics of cyber-attacks for four months of the war. Available online. In: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/derzhspeczvyazku-statistika-kiberatak- za-chotiri-misyaci-vijni. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
HEATH, Benton. 2020. “The New National Security Challenge to the Economic Order” In: Yale Law Journal. Vol. 129, No. 4. Available online. In: https:// www.yalelawjournal.org/article/the-new-national-security-challenge. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
HILL, Kristian Joseph. 2020. Balancing National Security and the Constitution: The Security Blanket Over Civil Liberties. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Available online. In: https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/ bitstream/handle/1774.2/62786/HILL-THESIS-2020.pdf?sequence=1. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
HILLEBRECHT, Courtney. 2017. “Compliance: Actors, Context and Causal Processes” In: Sandholtz W. and Whytock C. A. Research Handbook on the Politics of International Law. Available online. In: https://www. worldcat.org/title/research-handbook-on-the-politics-of-international- law/oclc/1167346940. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
IAEA 2022. IAEA Director General Grossi’s Initiative to Travel to Ukraine. Available online. In: https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/ iaea-director-general-grossis-initiative-to-travel-to-ukraine. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
ICCPR. 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). 16 December. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/ international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
ICESCR. 1966. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI). 16 December. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/ instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural- rights. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. 2022. Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russian Federation). Request for the indication of provisional measures. Available online. In: https://www.icj-cij. org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
IOM. 2022. International Organization for Migration, Regional Ukraine Response. Available online. In: https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/ tmzbdl486/files/situation_reports/file/iom-regionalukrainerespo nseexternalsitrep10062022final.pdfhttps://www.iom.int/sites/g/ files/tmzbdl486/files/situation_reports/file/iom-regional-ukraine- response-external-sitrep-12052022_3.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
MANTU, John Ishaku. 2019. “International Institutions and the Protection of Human Rights Regionally and Internationally”. In: SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449790. Available online. In: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3449790. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
MORRIS, Sean. 2020. “National Security and Human Rights in International Law”. Groningen Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 123-149.
MORTON, Jeffrey; MAESELIN, Samantha. 2020. “18: Empowering International Human Security Regimes”. In: Lautensach, А. and Lautensach, S. Human Security in World Affairs: Problems and Opportunities (2nd edition). Victoria: BCcampus. Available online. In: https://opentextbc.ca/humansecurity/chapter/international-hs- regimes/. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. 2012. Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. 2012/C 326/02. 26.10.2012. Available online. In: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
OHCHR. 2022. Ukraine: civilian casualty update 4 July 2022. Available online. In: https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/07/ukraine-civilian- casualty-update-4-july-2022. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
PETERS, Anne; ASKIN, Elif. 2020. “The International Protection of Human Rights in the Era of Postglobalism and Populism” In: MPIL Research Paper. Vol. 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3590257. Available online. In: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=3590257. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
SANDOVAL, Clara; LEACH, Philip; MURRAY, Rachel. 2020. “Monitoring, Cajoling and Promoting Dialogue: What Role for Supranational Human Rights Bodies in the Implementation of Individual Decisions?” In: Journal of Human Rights Practice. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 71–100.
SŁUGOCKI, Wojciech Łukasz; SOWA, Bogdan. 2021. “Disinformation as a threat to national security on the example of the COVID-19 pandemic” In: Security and Defence Quarterly. Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 63-74.
SUBRAMANIAN, Sarib. 2022. “UN Security Council and Human Rights: An Inquiry into the Legal Foundations of the Responsibility to Protect in International Law” In: Utrecht Journal of International and European Law. Vol. 37, No. 1, pp.20-40.
THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. 2022. Resolution of the European Court of Human Rights on the consequences of the cessation of membership of the Russian Federation to the Council of Europe in light of Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights. 22/03/2022. Available online. In: https://echr.coe.int/Documents/ Resolution_ECHR_cessation_membership_Russia_CoE_ENG.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
TORBISCO-CASALS, Neus. 2022. “The legitimacy of international courts: The challenge of diversity” In: Journal of Social Philosophy. Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 491-515.
UN.FIRSTCOMMITTEE.2020.FirstCommitteeApproves15DraftResolutions, Decisions on Disarmament Measures, Including 2 Following Different Paths towards Keeping Cyberspace Safe. GA/DIS/3659. 11/09/2020. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/gadis3659. doc.htm. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
UN. GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available online. In: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
UN. GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 2022. General Assembly Overwhelmingly Adopts Resolution Demanding Russian Federation Immediately End Illegal Use of Force in Ukraine, Withdraw All Troops. GA/12407. 03/02/2022. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/ga12407.doc. htm. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
UN. SECRETARY-GENERAL. 2022a. Threat to Global Security More Complex, Probably Higher Than during Cold War, Secretary-General Warns Munich Security Conference. UN. 02/18/2022. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sgsm21146.doc.htm. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
UN. SECRETARY-GENERAL. 2022b. Question of the realization in all countries of economic, social and cultural rights. Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General. Available online. In: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/ GEN/G22/240/56/PDF/G2224056.pdf?OpenElement. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
UNITED NATIONS. 1945. Charter of the United Nations. Available online. In: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. 2018. Law of Ukraine dated June 21, 2018 No. 2469-VIII On National Security of Ukraine. Available online. In: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2469-19#Text. Consultation date: 03/06/2022.
Publicado
2022-10-18
Cómo citar
Svoboda, I., Epel, O., Suleimanova, S., Ievenko, D., & Kovalova, O. (2022). The role of the international institutions in the protection of human rights and freedoms in the sphere of national security: El papel de las instituciones internacionales en la protección de los derechos humanos y las libertades en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(74), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.31
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