Status obligations of a “flag state”: counteraction to unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas
Obligaciones de estatus de un “Estado del pabellón”: supresión de una transmisión no autorizada desde alta mar
Palabras clave:
estado del pabellón, derecho marítimo, buque de bandera, alta mar, transmisión no autorizada
Resumen
En la investigación se analiza las obligaciones de estatus de un “Estado de bandera” que están relacionadas con la supresión del uso ilegal de los “buques de bandera”. El propósito es investigar el régimen legal internacional moderno de la supresión de una transmisión no autorizada desde alta mar y, al mismo tiempo, preparar los fundamentos doctrinales para definir el complejo completo de las obligaciones del “Estado del pabellón”. En este sentido, el tema son las convenciones internacionales que constituyen el régimen de supresión de la radiodifusión no autorizada, que se lleva a cabo por barcos en alta mar, adoptado en un momento por organizaciones internacionales, en particular, la Liga de las Naciones y las Naciones Unidas. La metodología consta de los métodos sistemático y formal-legal, así como métodos de análisis y síntesis. Las conclusiones destacan que los Estados deben adoptar todas las medidas apropiadas con miras a lograr los resultados de la supresión. Por lo tanto, se debe señalar que estas disposiciones están dedicadas, entre otras cosas, a los “buques de pabellón” y a los “Estados del pabellón”.
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COUNCEL OF EUROPE. UAPPS 1965. European agreement for the prevention of broadcasts transmitted from stations outside national territories (Prevention of Pirate Stations), Strasbourg, 22.1.1965. In: European Treaty Series. No. 53 (ETS 53). Available online. In: https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/arsiv/sozlesmeler/coktaraflisoz/ak/ingilizce/053_ing.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/11/2021.
DUBNER, Barry; ARIAS, Mary. 2017. Under International Law, must a Ship on the High Seas Fly the Flag of a State in Order to A void Being a Stateless Vessel? Is a Flag Painted on Either Side of the Ship Sufficient to Identify it? In: U.S.F. Maritime Law Journal. Vol. 29. No. 2, pp. 100 – 153. Available online. In: https://lawpublications.barry.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=facultyscholarship. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
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KOLODKIN, Anatolii; GUTSULIAK, Victor; BOBROVA, Julia. 2007. World Ocean. International legal regime. General problems. Statut. Moscow, Russia.
KOLODKIN, Anatolii; KISELEV, Valentin; SAVASKOV, Pavel. 1984. “Some provisions of the international legal status of the World Ocean in the light of the new UN Convention on the Law of the Sea” In: Soviet Yearbook of Maritime Law, Vol. 1, pp. 30-45.
KOVALEV, Alexander. 2003. Contemporary Issues of the Law of the Sea: Modern Russian Approaches. Moscow: Eleven International Publishing. Available online. In: https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=RlOtQheTwaMC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=illegal+broadcasting+from+high+seas&source=bl&ots=piIbMGoWnu&sig=ACfU3U17Gkn5p0dFxFdulySgT6D6K2QqQg&hl=uk&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9x6jNlp30AhVxsYsKHfN1DWw4KBDoAXoECB4QAw#v=onepage&q=illegal%20broadcasting%20from%20high%20seas&f=false. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
KUZNIETSOV, Serhii. 2021. “Status «ecological» Obligations of a Flag State As an Integral Part of the «genuine Link» Conception” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 10. Issue 47, pp. 190-196. Available online. In: https:// amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1819.
MARTIN, Elizabeth. 1994. “Obligation”, “status”. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.
MEERS, Jelter. 2021. “From the lowlands to the high seas: Belgian pirate radio’s rise and demise” In: The Brussels Times. Tuesday, 16 November 2021. Available online. In: https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/ magazine/52939/from-the-low-lands-to-the-high-seas-belgian-pirate- radio-s-rise-and-demise/. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
MISIROGLU, Gina. 2015. “Private Radio” In: American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. Available online. In: https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=iICsBwAAQBAJ&q=%22pirate+radio%22+bootleg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=% 22pirate%20radio%22%20bootleg&f=false. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
ONG, Victoria; SHATAT, Saleh. 2021. “The Utilization Implementation of High Sea According to Sea Convention Law of 1982” In: Jurnal Daulat Hukum. Vol. 4. Issue 3, pp. 222 – 231. Available online. In: https://e-journal.akpelni.ac.id/index.php/prosiding-nsmis/article/view/208. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
PARKINSON, F. 1991. “The genesis of the “Freedom of the Seas” as reflected in the history of the doctrine of international law” In: Soviet Yearbook of Maritime Law, Vol 1, pp. 6 -17.
PAVLOVA, Yuliia; POLUNINA, Olha; TKALYCH, Maxym; MANKOVSKYI, Volodymyr; ZUBAIR, Akhmad. 2020. “International-Legal Standards of Cooperation of Ukraine in the Field of Environmental (climate) Problems” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 9. Issue 25, pp. 295-301. Available online. In: https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/ view/1069.
PETERS, Kimberly. 2014. Tracking (Im)mobilities at Sea: Ships, Boats and Surveillance Strategies. In: Mobilities. Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp. 414 – 431. Available online. In: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17450101.2014.946775; https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2014.946775. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
PROELß, Alexander. 2021. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas. In: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary. Hart: Nmos. doi.org/10.5771/9783845258874-764. ISBN print: 978- 3-8329-7275-2. ISBN online: 978-3-8452-5887-4. Available online. In: https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783845258874-764/unauthorized-broadcasting-from-the-high-seas?page=1;https://doi. org/10.5771/9783845258874-764. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
ROBERTSON, Horace. 1982. “The Suppression of Pirate Radio Broadcasting: A Test Case of the International System for Control of Activities Outside National Territory” In: Law and Contemporary Problems. Vol. 45. No. 1, pp. 71-101. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.2307/1191296; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191296. Date of consultation: 18/11/2021.
ROMASHEV, Yuriy. 2001. Struggle against crimes of international character, which are committed at sea (terrorism, piracy, illicit traffic of narcotics and other crimes). RosConsult. Moscow, Russia.
SHCHIPZOV, Oleksandr. 1995. Modern international law of the sea and the practice of its implementation of the Ukraine. Scientific opinion. Kyiv, Ukraine.
SHEMIYAKIN, Oleksandr. 2002. Modern international law of the sea and the perspectives of its development. Izdat-Inform OGMA. Odesa, Ukraine.
SKARIDOV, Oleksandr. 2006. Ocean law. Academus. St. Petersburg, Russia. UNITED NATIONS. 1958. Convention on the High Seas. In: United Nations. Treaty Series. Vol. 450, p. 11-82. Available online. In: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7b4abc-1/pdf/. Date of consultation: 17/11/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1982. United nations convention on the law of the sea. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_ agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Date of consultation: 12/11/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1986. Convention on conditions for registration of ships. Available online. In: https://treaties.un.org/doc/ Treaties/1986/02/19860207%2008-58%20AM/Ch_XII_07p.pdf. Not yet in force. Date of consultation: 13/11/2021.
WEISSBRODT, David; DOTTRIDGE, Michael. 2002. Abolishing Slavery and its Contemporary (HR/PUB/02/4). Available online. In: https://www. ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/slaveryen.pdf. Date of consultation: 09/11/2021.
WHITE, Thomas. 2011. “United States Early Radio History” In: Articles and extracts about early radio and related technologies, concentrating on the United States in the period from 1897 to 1927. Available online. In: https://earlyradiohistory.us/index.html. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
WILLIAMS, Al. 2021. “Radio Piracy on The High Seas: Commercial Demand for Taboo Music” In: Hackaday. November 16, 2021. Available online. In: https://hackaday.com/2019/04/24/radio-piracy-on-the-high-seas/. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
AREND, Antony. 2009. “Pirate Radio” and the Law of the Sea – Analysis. Available online. In: https://anthonyclarkarend.com/pirate-radio- and-the-law-of-the-sea-video-and-analysis-6335086ffbe2. Date of consultation: 18/11/2021.
BALOBANOV, Oleg; DEMIDENKO, Viktor; DOPILKA, Serhii. 1986. Modern international legal regime of merchant shipping. IPC IMF. Odessa, Ukraine.
BENDER, Howard. 1988. The Case of the SARAH: A Testing Ground for the RegulationofRadioPiracyintheUnitedStates.In:FordhamInternational Law Journal. Vol. 12, Issue 1, 4-12. Available online. In: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=ilj. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
BLISHCHENKO, Ihor. 1988. International law of the sea. UDN Publishing House. Moscow, URSS.
BYERS, Michael. 2004. Policing the High Seas: The Proliferation Security Initiative. In: The American Journal of International Law. 2004. Vol. 98. No. 3. Pp. 526 – 545. Available online. In: https://doi. org/10.2307/3181643; https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181643. Date of consultation: 15/11/2021.
CHAPMAN, Robert. 1992. Selling the Sixties: The Pirates and Pop Music Radio. Available online. In: https://monoskop.org/images/6/65/Chapman_ Robert_Selling_the_Sixties_The_Pirates_and_Pop_Music_Radio. pdf. Date of consultation: 2/11/2021.
COUNCEL OF EUROPE. UAPPS 1965. European agreement for the prevention of broadcasts transmitted from stations outside national territories (Prevention of Pirate Stations), Strasbourg, 22.1.1965. In: European Treaty Series. No. 53 (ETS 53). Available online. In: https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/arsiv/sozlesmeler/coktaraflisoz/ak/ingilizce/053_ing.pdf. Date of consultation: 18/11/2021.
DUBNER, Barry; ARIAS, Mary. 2017. Under International Law, must a Ship on the High Seas Fly the Flag of a State in Order to A void Being a Stateless Vessel? Is a Flag Painted on Either Side of the Ship Sufficient to Identify it? In: U.S.F. Maritime Law Journal. Vol. 29. No. 2, pp. 100 – 153. Available online. In: https://lawpublications.barry.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1120&context=facultyscholarship. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
GUATTARI, Felix. 1984. “Plan for the Planet”. London: Penguin Books. Available online. In: http://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/773943/5a1fcc0f6edbf4194d4b83869e804fb2.pdf?1479704459. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
KOLODKIN, Anatolii; GUTSULIAK, Victor; BOBROVA, Julia. 2007. World Ocean. International legal regime. General problems. Statut. Moscow, Russia.
KOLODKIN, Anatolii; KISELEV, Valentin; SAVASKOV, Pavel. 1984. “Some provisions of the international legal status of the World Ocean in the light of the new UN Convention on the Law of the Sea” In: Soviet Yearbook of Maritime Law, Vol. 1, pp. 30-45.
KOVALEV, Alexander. 2003. Contemporary Issues of the Law of the Sea: Modern Russian Approaches. Moscow: Eleven International Publishing. Available online. In: https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=RlOtQheTwaMC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=illegal+broadcasting+from+high+seas&source=bl&ots=piIbMGoWnu&sig=ACfU3U17Gkn5p0dFxFdulySgT6D6K2QqQg&hl=uk&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9x6jNlp30AhVxsYsKHfN1DWw4KBDoAXoECB4QAw#v=onepage&q=illegal%20broadcasting%20from%20high%20seas&f=false. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
KUZNIETSOV, Serhii. 2021. “Status «ecological» Obligations of a Flag State As an Integral Part of the «genuine Link» Conception” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 10. Issue 47, pp. 190-196. Available online. In: https:// amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1819.
MARTIN, Elizabeth. 1994. “Obligation”, “status”. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.
MEERS, Jelter. 2021. “From the lowlands to the high seas: Belgian pirate radio’s rise and demise” In: The Brussels Times. Tuesday, 16 November 2021. Available online. In: https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/ magazine/52939/from-the-low-lands-to-the-high-seas-belgian-pirate- radio-s-rise-and-demise/. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
MISIROGLU, Gina. 2015. “Private Radio” In: American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. Available online. In: https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=iICsBwAAQBAJ&q=%22pirate+radio%22+bootleg&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=% 22pirate%20radio%22%20bootleg&f=false. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
ONG, Victoria; SHATAT, Saleh. 2021. “The Utilization Implementation of High Sea According to Sea Convention Law of 1982” In: Jurnal Daulat Hukum. Vol. 4. Issue 3, pp. 222 – 231. Available online. In: https://e-journal.akpelni.ac.id/index.php/prosiding-nsmis/article/view/208. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
PARKINSON, F. 1991. “The genesis of the “Freedom of the Seas” as reflected in the history of the doctrine of international law” In: Soviet Yearbook of Maritime Law, Vol 1, pp. 6 -17.
PAVLOVA, Yuliia; POLUNINA, Olha; TKALYCH, Maxym; MANKOVSKYI, Volodymyr; ZUBAIR, Akhmad. 2020. “International-Legal Standards of Cooperation of Ukraine in the Field of Environmental (climate) Problems” In: Amazonia Investiga. Vol. 9. Issue 25, pp. 295-301. Available online. In: https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/ view/1069.
PETERS, Kimberly. 2014. Tracking (Im)mobilities at Sea: Ships, Boats and Surveillance Strategies. In: Mobilities. Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp. 414 – 431. Available online. In: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17450101.2014.946775; https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2014.946775. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
PROELß, Alexander. 2021. Unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas. In: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary. Hart: Nmos. doi.org/10.5771/9783845258874-764. ISBN print: 978- 3-8329-7275-2. ISBN online: 978-3-8452-5887-4. Available online. In: https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783845258874-764/unauthorized-broadcasting-from-the-high-seas?page=1;https://doi. org/10.5771/9783845258874-764. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
ROBERTSON, Horace. 1982. “The Suppression of Pirate Radio Broadcasting: A Test Case of the International System for Control of Activities Outside National Territory” In: Law and Contemporary Problems. Vol. 45. No. 1, pp. 71-101. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.2307/1191296; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191296. Date of consultation: 18/11/2021.
ROMASHEV, Yuriy. 2001. Struggle against crimes of international character, which are committed at sea (terrorism, piracy, illicit traffic of narcotics and other crimes). RosConsult. Moscow, Russia.
SHCHIPZOV, Oleksandr. 1995. Modern international law of the sea and the practice of its implementation of the Ukraine. Scientific opinion. Kyiv, Ukraine.
SHEMIYAKIN, Oleksandr. 2002. Modern international law of the sea and the perspectives of its development. Izdat-Inform OGMA. Odesa, Ukraine.
SKARIDOV, Oleksandr. 2006. Ocean law. Academus. St. Petersburg, Russia. UNITED NATIONS. 1958. Convention on the High Seas. In: United Nations. Treaty Series. Vol. 450, p. 11-82. Available online. In: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/7b4abc-1/pdf/. Date of consultation: 17/11/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1982. United nations convention on the law of the sea. Available online. In: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_ agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Date of consultation: 12/11/2021.
UNITED NATIONS. 1986. Convention on conditions for registration of ships. Available online. In: https://treaties.un.org/doc/ Treaties/1986/02/19860207%2008-58%20AM/Ch_XII_07p.pdf. Not yet in force. Date of consultation: 13/11/2021.
WEISSBRODT, David; DOTTRIDGE, Michael. 2002. Abolishing Slavery and its Contemporary (HR/PUB/02/4). Available online. In: https://www. ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/slaveryen.pdf. Date of consultation: 09/11/2021.
WHITE, Thomas. 2011. “United States Early Radio History” In: Articles and extracts about early radio and related technologies, concentrating on the United States in the period from 1897 to 1927. Available online. In: https://earlyradiohistory.us/index.html. Date of consultation: 21/11/2021.
WILLIAMS, Al. 2021. “Radio Piracy on The High Seas: Commercial Demand for Taboo Music” In: Hackaday. November 16, 2021. Available online. In: https://hackaday.com/2019/04/24/radio-piracy-on-the-high-seas/. Date of consultation: 19/11/2021.
Publicado
2022-02-19
Cómo citar
Kuznietsov, S. (2022). Status obligations of a “flag state”: counteraction to unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas: Obligaciones de estatus de un “Estado del pabellón”: supresión de una transmisión no autorizada desde alta mar. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(72), 423-434. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4072.24
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