Current Trends in the Development of International Terrorism: A Current Understanding of the Problem
Palabras clave:
terrorismo internacional, extremismo político, periodización, conflictos civiles, acciones asimétricas
Resumen
El estudio examina el desarrollo del terrorismo internacional y el problema de su definición. En consecuencia, el objetivo del estudio fue generar una visión sistémica del terrorismo internacional e identificar las tendencias actuales en su desarrollo. Se utilizó un análisis estructural y funcional del terrorismo internacional como fenómeno político. Sobre la base del modelo analítico proporcionado, el desarrollo del terrorismo internacional se dividió en períodos sobre la base de la zonificación política y geográfica. Tres principios consistentes determinan las características clave del terrorismo internacional como estrategia racional de lucha política no convencional: la transición a acciones asimétricas, ataques a objetos simbólicos, e influir en la opinión pública como objetivo principal. Esta tríada de características vinculadas a un modelo del proceso político define la existencia del terrorismo internacional como un fenómeno y proporciona una clave para comprender su dinámica. Se concluye que hay cuatro períodos en el desarrollo del terrorismo internacional, divididos en dos ciclos con puntos de ruptura, fases ascendentes y descendentes. La periodización propuesta del desarrollo del terrorismo internacional se basa en la identificación de los centros como zonas político-geográficas, donde se configuran las contradicciones y la lucha política que es parte de la lógica de la estrategia terrorista.
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ASHOUR, Omar. 2020. “From Bullets to Ballots. Transformations from Armed to Unarmed Political Activism. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies”. Available online. In: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25870 Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
AUGER, Vincent A. 2020. “Right-wing terror: A fifth global wave?” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 87-97.
BAKKER, Edwin. 2012. “Forecasting terrorism: the need for a more systematic approach” In: Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 69-84.
BJØRGO, Tore; RAVNDAL, Jacob Aasland 2019. “Extreme-Right Violence and Terrorism: Concepts, Patterns, and Responses”. Available online. In: https://icct.nl/publication/extreme-right-violence-and-terrorism- concepts-patterns-and-responses. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
BOWIE, Neil G. 2017. “Terrorism events data: An inventory of databases and data sets, 1968-2017” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 50-72.
CHOMSKY, Noam. 2013. The Definition of Terrorism. In: AKSAN, Cihan; BAILES, John (Eds.), Weapon of the Strong, pp. 32-46. Pluto Press, London, UK.
COMAS, Jordi; SHRIVASTAVA, Paul; MARTIN, Eric C. 2014. “Terrorism as formal organization, network, and social movement”. In: Journal of Management Inquiry. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 47-60.
CRENSHAW, Martha. 1981. “The causes of terrorism” In: Comparative Politics. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 379-399.
FINN, Melissa; MOMANI, Bessma. 2017. “Building foundations for the comparative study of state and non-state terrorism” In: Critical Studies on Terrorism. Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 379-403.
GANOR, Boaz. 2018. “MIA: An International Definition for Terrorism” Available online. In: https://www.eng.arenajournal.org.il/single-post/ Ganor-Terrorism-ENG Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
GARRISON, Arthur H. 2004. “Defining terrorism: philosophy of the bomb, propaganda by deed and change through fear and violence” In: Criminal Justice Studies. Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 259-279.
GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. n.d. Available online. In: https://www. start.umd.edu/gtd/ Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
HANLEY, John T. 2017. “Planning for the kamikazes: toward a theory and practice of repeated operational games” In: Naval War College Review. Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 29-48.
HOLBROOK, Donald; HORGAN, John. 2019. “Terrorism and ideology: Cracking the nut” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 2-15.
HONIG, Or; YAHEL, Ido. 2019. “A fifth wave of terrorism? The emergence of terrorist semi-states” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1210-1228.
HOWCROFT, James. 2018. “The future of terrorism: The practitioners’ view” In: Connections. Vol.17, No. 2, pp. 77-81.
IBRAHIM, Azeem. 2020. «Rise and Fall? The Rise and Fall of ISIS in Libya”. Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26531. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
JENKINS, Brian M. 1978. “International terrorism: trends and potentialities” In: Journal of International Affairs. Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 115-123.
KANE, J. Robert. 2018. Terrorism Defined and Why It Matters. Available online. In: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/terrorism-defined- and-why-it-matters. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
KARIPEK, Asena. 2020. “Portrayals of Jihad: A cause of Islamophobia” In: Islamophobia Studies Journal. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 210-255.
KHALIL, James; HORGAN, John; ZEUTHEN, Martine. 2019. “The attitudes- behaviors corrective (abc) model of violent extremism” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1080/09 546553.2019.1699793. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
KRUGLANSKI, Arie W; JASKO, Katarzyna; CHERNIKOVA, Marina; DUGAS, Michelle; WEBBER, David. 2017. “To the fringe and back: Violent extremism and the psychology of deviance” In: American Psychologist. Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 217-230.
KUDINOV, Serhiy S.; BROVKO, Nataliia I.; STOLBOVYI, Volodymyr M. 2020. “International Experience of Legal Service Relations in the National Security Sphere: Issues of Implementation in Ukraine” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 37, No. 65, pp. 156-168.
KUNST, Jonas R; MYHREN, Lisa S; ONYEADOR, Ivuoma. N. 2018. “Simply insane? Attributing terrorism to mental illness (versus ideology) affects mental representations of race” In: Criminal Justice and Behavior. Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 1888-1902.
LOHLKER, Rüdiger. 2017. “Excluding the other: Wahhabism, Salafism, Jihadism, and political Islam” In: Totalitarianism and Democracy. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 265-290.
LORENZANA DEL VILLAR, Erika Mae. 2018. Our Holy Grail: States, Power, and Networks in the Stymied Global Quest to Define Terrorism. Doctoral dissertation. University of Connecticut. Storrs, USA.
LYKHOVA, Sophia Ya.; LEONOV, Borys D.; LYSKO, Tetiana D.; SHAPTALA, Natalya K.; MAKSYMOV, Sergiy I. 2021. “Criminal-legal ensuring of freedom of religion in modern conditions: A comparative analysis” In: Cuestiones Políticas, Vol. 39, No, 68, pp. 620-649.
MARGARITI, Stella. 2017. “A definition of terrorism in the making: balancing state interests with cosmopolitan ideals.” In: Defining International Terrorism. International Criminal Justice Series. Vol. 15, pp. 145–175.
MCCAULEY, Clark; MOSKALENKO, Sophia. 2008. “Mechanisms of political radicalization: pathways toward terrorism” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 20, No.3, pp. 415-433.
MILLER, Gregory D. 2019. “Blurred lines: the new ‘domestic’ terrorism” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 63-75.
MOGHADDAM, Fathali M. 2005. “The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration” In: American Psychologist. Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 161-169.
MONAGHAN, Rachel; ANTONIUS, Daniel; SINCLAIR, Samuel Justin. 2011. “Defining ‘terrorism’: moving towards a more integrated and interdisciplinary understanding of political violence” In: Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-79.
MUMFORD, Andrew. 2018. “Theory-testing Uyghur terrorism in China” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 18-26.
MURPHY, Dawn. 2017. “China’s Approach to International Terrorism” Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20167. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
NORRIS, Maria. 2015. Contesting Identity and Preventing Belonging? An Analysis of British Counter Terrorism Policy Since the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Selective Use of the Terrorism Label by the British Government. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). London, UK.
PEARSON, Elizabeth; ZENN, Jacob. 2021. “A Gender Lens, Terrorism and Boko Haram”. Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ resrep29499.5. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
SANDLER, Todd. 2011. “New frontiers of terrorism research: An introduction” In: Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 279-286.
SCHMID, Alex. 2004. “Terrorism - the definitional problem” In: Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 375-419.
SCREMIN, Nicolò. 2020. “Why an agreed definition of terrorism matters.” In: International Counter-Terrorism Review, Vol.1, No, 2, pp. 1-11.
STENERSEN, Anne. 2017. “Thirty Years after its foundation – where is Al- Qaida going?” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 5-16.
SYSOEV, Sergei Borisovich. 2017. “Terrorism as a political violence: the formula” In: Journal of Applied Security Research. Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 407-414.
TILLY, Charles. 2004. “Terror, terrorism, terrorists” In: Sociological Theory. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 5-13.
WANG, Tao; ZHUANG Jun. 2017. “The true meaning of terrorism and response to terrorism” Social Sciences. Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 160-168.
WHITE, Jessica. 2020. “Community and Gender in Counter-Terrorism Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Transferability Across the Evolving Threat Landscape” Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ resrep29447. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
WILKINSON, Paul. 2011. Terrorism Versus Democracy. 3rd edition. Routledge. London, UK.
ZAHEDZADEH, Giti. 2017. “Containing terrorism: A dynamic model” In: Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 48-59.
ZOHAR, Eran. 2016. “A new typology of contemporary armed non-state-actors: Interpreting the diversity” In: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 423-450.
ANDERSON, Eric C. 2015. “Confusing a “Revolution” with “Terrorism”. Available online. In: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/confusing-a-%e2%80%9crevolution%e2%80%9d-with-%e2%80%9cterrorism%e2%80%9d. Date of consultation: 20/01/2021.
ARAN, Gideon. 2019. “Striking home: ideal-type of terrorism” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 987-1005.
ASHOUR, Omar. 2020. “From Bullets to Ballots. Transformations from Armed to Unarmed Political Activism. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies”. Available online. In: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25870 Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
AUGER, Vincent A. 2020. “Right-wing terror: A fifth global wave?” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 87-97.
BAKKER, Edwin. 2012. “Forecasting terrorism: the need for a more systematic approach” In: Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 69-84.
BJØRGO, Tore; RAVNDAL, Jacob Aasland 2019. “Extreme-Right Violence and Terrorism: Concepts, Patterns, and Responses”. Available online. In: https://icct.nl/publication/extreme-right-violence-and-terrorism- concepts-patterns-and-responses. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
BOWIE, Neil G. 2017. “Terrorism events data: An inventory of databases and data sets, 1968-2017” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 50-72.
CHOMSKY, Noam. 2013. The Definition of Terrorism. In: AKSAN, Cihan; BAILES, John (Eds.), Weapon of the Strong, pp. 32-46. Pluto Press, London, UK.
COMAS, Jordi; SHRIVASTAVA, Paul; MARTIN, Eric C. 2014. “Terrorism as formal organization, network, and social movement”. In: Journal of Management Inquiry. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 47-60.
CRENSHAW, Martha. 1981. “The causes of terrorism” In: Comparative Politics. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 379-399.
FINN, Melissa; MOMANI, Bessma. 2017. “Building foundations for the comparative study of state and non-state terrorism” In: Critical Studies on Terrorism. Vol. 10, No.3, pp. 379-403.
GANOR, Boaz. 2018. “MIA: An International Definition for Terrorism” Available online. In: https://www.eng.arenajournal.org.il/single-post/ Ganor-Terrorism-ENG Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
GARRISON, Arthur H. 2004. “Defining terrorism: philosophy of the bomb, propaganda by deed and change through fear and violence” In: Criminal Justice Studies. Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 259-279.
GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE. n.d. Available online. In: https://www. start.umd.edu/gtd/ Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
HANLEY, John T. 2017. “Planning for the kamikazes: toward a theory and practice of repeated operational games” In: Naval War College Review. Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 29-48.
HOLBROOK, Donald; HORGAN, John. 2019. “Terrorism and ideology: Cracking the nut” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 2-15.
HONIG, Or; YAHEL, Ido. 2019. “A fifth wave of terrorism? The emergence of terrorist semi-states” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1210-1228.
HOWCROFT, James. 2018. “The future of terrorism: The practitioners’ view” In: Connections. Vol.17, No. 2, pp. 77-81.
IBRAHIM, Azeem. 2020. «Rise and Fall? The Rise and Fall of ISIS in Libya”. Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26531. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
JENKINS, Brian M. 1978. “International terrorism: trends and potentialities” In: Journal of International Affairs. Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 115-123.
KANE, J. Robert. 2018. Terrorism Defined and Why It Matters. Available online. In: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/terrorism-defined- and-why-it-matters. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
KARIPEK, Asena. 2020. “Portrayals of Jihad: A cause of Islamophobia” In: Islamophobia Studies Journal. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 210-255.
KHALIL, James; HORGAN, John; ZEUTHEN, Martine. 2019. “The attitudes- behaviors corrective (abc) model of violent extremism” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Available online. In: https://doi.org/10.1080/09 546553.2019.1699793. Date of consultation: 20/05/2020.
KRUGLANSKI, Arie W; JASKO, Katarzyna; CHERNIKOVA, Marina; DUGAS, Michelle; WEBBER, David. 2017. “To the fringe and back: Violent extremism and the psychology of deviance” In: American Psychologist. Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 217-230.
KUDINOV, Serhiy S.; BROVKO, Nataliia I.; STOLBOVYI, Volodymyr M. 2020. “International Experience of Legal Service Relations in the National Security Sphere: Issues of Implementation in Ukraine” In: Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 37, No. 65, pp. 156-168.
KUNST, Jonas R; MYHREN, Lisa S; ONYEADOR, Ivuoma. N. 2018. “Simply insane? Attributing terrorism to mental illness (versus ideology) affects mental representations of race” In: Criminal Justice and Behavior. Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 1888-1902.
LOHLKER, Rüdiger. 2017. “Excluding the other: Wahhabism, Salafism, Jihadism, and political Islam” In: Totalitarianism and Democracy. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 265-290.
LORENZANA DEL VILLAR, Erika Mae. 2018. Our Holy Grail: States, Power, and Networks in the Stymied Global Quest to Define Terrorism. Doctoral dissertation. University of Connecticut. Storrs, USA.
LYKHOVA, Sophia Ya.; LEONOV, Borys D.; LYSKO, Tetiana D.; SHAPTALA, Natalya K.; MAKSYMOV, Sergiy I. 2021. “Criminal-legal ensuring of freedom of religion in modern conditions: A comparative analysis” In: Cuestiones Políticas, Vol. 39, No, 68, pp. 620-649.
MARGARITI, Stella. 2017. “A definition of terrorism in the making: balancing state interests with cosmopolitan ideals.” In: Defining International Terrorism. International Criminal Justice Series. Vol. 15, pp. 145–175.
MCCAULEY, Clark; MOSKALENKO, Sophia. 2008. “Mechanisms of political radicalization: pathways toward terrorism” In: Terrorism and Political Violence. Vol. 20, No.3, pp. 415-433.
MILLER, Gregory D. 2019. “Blurred lines: the new ‘domestic’ terrorism” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 63-75.
MOGHADDAM, Fathali M. 2005. “The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration” In: American Psychologist. Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 161-169.
MONAGHAN, Rachel; ANTONIUS, Daniel; SINCLAIR, Samuel Justin. 2011. “Defining ‘terrorism’: moving towards a more integrated and interdisciplinary understanding of political violence” In: Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-79.
MUMFORD, Andrew. 2018. “Theory-testing Uyghur terrorism in China” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 18-26.
MURPHY, Dawn. 2017. “China’s Approach to International Terrorism” Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20167. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
NORRIS, Maria. 2015. Contesting Identity and Preventing Belonging? An Analysis of British Counter Terrorism Policy Since the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Selective Use of the Terrorism Label by the British Government. London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). London, UK.
PEARSON, Elizabeth; ZENN, Jacob. 2021. “A Gender Lens, Terrorism and Boko Haram”. Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ resrep29499.5. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
SANDLER, Todd. 2011. “New frontiers of terrorism research: An introduction” In: Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 279-286.
SCHMID, Alex. 2004. “Terrorism - the definitional problem” In: Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 375-419.
SCREMIN, Nicolò. 2020. “Why an agreed definition of terrorism matters.” In: International Counter-Terrorism Review, Vol.1, No, 2, pp. 1-11.
STENERSEN, Anne. 2017. “Thirty Years after its foundation – where is Al- Qaida going?” In: Perspectives on Terrorism. Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 5-16.
SYSOEV, Sergei Borisovich. 2017. “Terrorism as a political violence: the formula” In: Journal of Applied Security Research. Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 407-414.
TILLY, Charles. 2004. “Terror, terrorism, terrorists” In: Sociological Theory. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 5-13.
WANG, Tao; ZHUANG Jun. 2017. “The true meaning of terrorism and response to terrorism” Social Sciences. Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 160-168.
WHITE, Jessica. 2020. “Community and Gender in Counter-Terrorism Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Transferability Across the Evolving Threat Landscape” Available online. In: http://www.jstor.org/stable/ resrep29447. Date of consultation: 20/05/2021.
WILKINSON, Paul. 2011. Terrorism Versus Democracy. 3rd edition. Routledge. London, UK.
ZAHEDZADEH, Giti. 2017. “Containing terrorism: A dynamic model” In: Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 48-59.
ZOHAR, Eran. 2016. “A new typology of contemporary armed non-state-actors: Interpreting the diversity” In: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 423-450.
Publicado
2021-07-15
Cómo citar
Svoboda, I., Loskutov, T. O., Severinova, O. B., Shulha, A. O., & Peresada, O. M. (2021). Current Trends in the Development of International Terrorism: A Current Understanding of the Problem. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(69), 581-604. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.36
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