Producción de biodiesel por esterificación y transesterificación de aceites vegetales de cocina usados / Production of biodiesel by esterification and transesterification from waste cooking oils / Produção de biodiesel por esterificação e transesterificação de óleos vegetais de cozinha usado
Resumo
Resumen
Anualmente se generan grandes cantidades de aceites vegetales usados (AVU), producto de la preparación de alimentos, los cuales pueden causar contaminación de aguas y suelos, si no son dispuestos adecuadamente, pero a su vez tienen gran potencial en la producción de biodiesel. En este trabajo, los AVU recolectados de establecimientos de comida rápida se sometieron a un pretratamiento de esterificación, variando las condiciones de reacción, relación molar, concentración de catalizador y tiempo, con la finalidad de disminuir el contenido de ácidos grasos libres generados en los procesos de fritura, antes de la transesterificación. Se encontró que la acidez inicial de los AVU (10,08 ± 0,22 %) disminuyó por debajo de 1 % durante la esterificación a 60 °C y 100 rpm, con RMAVU:MeOH de 1:7 y concentración de HCl de 0,3 % v/v, con una conversión de ácidos grasos libres (AGL) a ésteres metílicos del 94,48 y 98,61 % para tiempos de reacción de cuatro (4) y seis (6) horas, respectivamente. Los AVU previamente esterificados se sometieron a un proceso de transesterificación con KOH como catalizador en presencia de metanol, a 60 °C y 100 rpm, encontrando que el biodiesel producido es una mezcla compuesta por los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos linoleico (57 %), palmítico (14 %), oleico (22 %), esteárico (4 %) y elaídico (3 %). La mayor concentración de ésteres metílicos (93,797 ± 0,685 g.L-1) se obtuvo al usar los AVU esterificados durante seis (6) h de reacción. Los espectros FTIR confirmaron la conversión de los ácidos grasos a ésteres metílicos, por lo que este biocombustible podría ser utilizado en motores diésel.
Abstract
Large quantities of used vegetable oils (AVUs) are generated annually, as a result of food preparation, which can cause contamination of waters and soils, if they are not disposed of properly, but in turn have great potential in the production of biodiesel. In this work, the AVU collected from fast food establishments were subjected to an esterification pretreatment, varying the reaction conditions, molar ratio, catalyst concentration and time, to decrease the content of free fatty acids generated in the frying processes; after an alkaline transesterification. The initial acidity of the AVUs (10,08 ± 0,22 %) was found to drop below 1 % during esterification at 60 °C and 100 rpm, with RMAVU:MeOH of 1: 7 and HCl concentration of 0.3 % v/v, with a conversion of free fatty acids (FFA) to methyl esters of 94.48 and 98.61 % for reaction times of 4 and 6 hours, respectively. The previously esterified AVUs were subjected to a transesterification process with KOH as a catalyst in the presence of methanol, at 60 °C and 100 rpm, finding that the biodiesel produced was a mixture composed of the methyl esters of linoleic acids (57 %), palmitic (14 %), oleic (22 %), stearic (4 %) and elaidic (3 %). The highest concentration of methyl esters (93,797 ± 0.685 g.L-1) was obtained when using the esterified AVU during 6 hours of reaction. FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters, so this product could be used as a biofuel.
Resumo
Grandes quantidades de óleos vegetais usados (AVUs) são geradas anualmente, como resultado da preparação de alimentos, que podem causar contaminação das águas e do solo, se não forem descartados adequadamente, mas, por sua vez, têm grande potencial na produção de biodiesel. Neste trabalho, as AVU coletadas em estabelecimentos de fast food foram submetidas a um pré-tratamento de esterificação, variando as condições de reação, razão molar, concentração do catalisador e tempo, para diminuir o teor de ácidos graxos livres gerados nos processos de fritura; após uma transesterificação alcalina. A acidez inicial das AVUs (10,08 ± 0,22 %) caiu abaixo de 1 % durante a esterificação a 60 ° C e 100 rpm, com RMAVU: MeOH de 1: 7 e concentração de HCl de 0,3 % v/v, com uma conversão de ácidos graxos livres (AGL) em ésteres metílicos de 94,48 e 98,61 % para tempos de reação de 4 e 6 horas, respectivamente. As AVUs previamente esterificadas foram submetidas a um processo de transesterificação com KOH como catalisador na presença de metanol, a 60 ° C e 100 rpm, constatando que o biodiesel produzido era uma mistura composta pelos ésteres metílicos de ácidos linoléicos (57 %), palmítico (14 %), oleico (22 %), esteárico (4 %) e elaídico (3 %). A maior concentração de ésteres metílicos (93.797 ± 0,685 g.L-1) foi obtida com o uso da UVA esterificada durante 6 horas de reação. Os espectros de FTIR confirmaram a conversão de ácidos graxos em ésteres metílicos, para que este produto pudesse ser usado como biocombustível.Downloads
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