Endophytic mycobiota associated to plants of Vaccinium corymbosum L. in Cañete valley- Perú
Keywords:
Fungus, blueberry, colonization, identification, strains
Abstract
Endophytic fungi (EF) are microorganisms that live asymptomatically within plant tissues. They can confer benefits to the plant as inducers of resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic factors, plant growth promoters and mycoparasites of pathogens. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine occurrence frequency of endophytic fungi in stems and leaves of blueberry plants collected from ten farms in Lima and Ica Region, Peru. Productive branches of 39 healthy plants were sampled. For the isolation of EF, 702 tissue sections were disinfected and transferred to Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and reproductive structures were induced for identification. A total of 134 EF strains were isolated successfully. Nine genera were identified (Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Lasiodiplodia and Stemphylium). EF occurrence frequency varied greatly between organs, being in leaves more frequent than the stems; likewise, the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium were the most frequent and with most colonized in plant tissues, while Aspergillus, Ulocladium and Lasiodiplodia were the least frequent. These strains could be useful to control plant diseases and, therefore, of great interest in sustainable agriculture.
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References
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Aharwal, R., & Kumar, S. (2016). Isolation and Identification of endophytic fungi from Ricinus communis Linn. And their antibacterial activity. International journal of environmental sciences, 6, 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.6111
Anitha, D., Vijaya, T., Pragathi, D., Reddy, N. V., Mouli, K. C., Venkateswarulu, N., & Bhargav, D. S. (2013). Isolation and characterization of endophytic fungi from endemic medicinal plants of Tirumala Hills. International journal of life sciences biotechnology and pharma research, 2(3), 367-373. http://new.ijlbpr.com/jlbpradmin/upload/ijlbpr_51dd838521508.pdf
Arias-Gómez, J., Villasís-Keever, M. Á., y Miranda-Novales, M. G. (2016). El protocolo de investigación III: La población de estudio. Revista alergia México, 63(2), 201 - 206. https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v63i2.181
Bailey, B. A., & Melnick, R. L. (2013). The endophytic Trichoderma. En P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala, & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and applications (CABI, pp. 152-172). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780642475.0152
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. (Third). Macmillan Publishing Company.
Barron, G. L. (1968). The genera of Hyphomycetes from soil. Baltimore. The Williams and Wilkins Co.
Batista, B. N., Raposo, N. V. de M., & Silva, I. R. da. (2018). Isolamento e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de fungos endofíticos de açaizeiro. Revista fitos, 12(2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.5935/2446-4775.20180015
Busby, P., Ridout, M., & Newcombe, G. (2016). Fungal endophytes: Modifiers of plant disease. Plant molecular biology review, 90, 645-655. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s11103-015-0412-0
Carroll, G. (1988). Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecology, 69(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943154
De Sousa Leite, T., Cnossen-Fassoni, A., Pereira, O., Mizubuti, E., Araújo, E., & Queiroz, M. (2013). Novel and highly diverse fungal endophytes in soybean revealed by the consortium of two different techniques. Journal of microbiology., 51(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2356-x
Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M., y Robledo, C. W. (2008). InfoStat software estadístico, Manual del Usuario: Vol. Grupo Infostad (1.1) [Computer software]. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
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Fernandes, E. G., Pereira, O. L., Silva, C. C. da, Bento, C. B. P., & Queiroz, M. V. (2015). Diversity of endophytic fungi in Glycine max. Microbiological research, 181, 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.05.010
Fisher, P. J., & Petrini, O. (1992). Fungal saprobes and pathogens as endophytes of rice (Oryza sativa L.). New phytologist, 120(1), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01066.x
Flores, A. M., y Medina, J. L. (2012). Hongos asociados a la parte aérea del arándano en Los Reyes, Michoacán, México. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 30(2), 141-144. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmfi/v30n2/v30n2a4.pdf
Halo, B. A., Al-Yahyai, R. A., & Al-Sadi, A. M. (2021). Biological control of Pythium aphanidermatum-induced cucumber and radish damping-off by an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium omanense isolate 31R. Biocontrol science and technology, 31(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2020.1844148
Impullitti, A. E., & Malvick, D. K. (2013). Fungal endophyte diversity in soybean. Journal of Applied microbiology, 114(5), 1500-1506.
Larran, S., Mónaco, C., & Alippi, H. E. (2000). Endophytic fungi in beet (Beta vulgaris var. Esculenta L.) leaves. Advances in horticultural science, 14(4), 193-196. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42883275
Lei, Y., JianRong, W., Jia, D., YanYuan, L., & Fang, W. (2019). Pathogen identification of rotten blueberry fruit in post-harvest and screening of antagonistic bacteria. Journal of fujian agriculture and forestry university (Natural science edition), 48(2), 143-147. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20219924337
Li, Z.-J., Shen, X.-Y., & Hou, C.-L. (2016). Fungal endophytes of South China blueberry (Vaccinium dunalianum var. Urophyllum). Letters in applied microbiology, 63(6), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12673
Lima, T. E. F., & Cavalcanti, M. S. (2014). Fungos endófitos e do filoplano de Caesalpinia echinata lam da estação ecológica de Tapacurá, PE. Agrotrópica, 26(1), 43-50.
Lou, J., Fu, L., Peng, Y., & Zhou, L. (2013). Metabolites from alternaria fungi and Their bioactivities. Molecules, 18(5), 5891-5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055891
Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Caradus, J. R., & Johnson, L. J. (2016). Fungal endophytes for sustainable crop production. FEMS Microbiology ecology, 92(12). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw194
Mane, R. S., Paarakh, P. M., & Vedamurthy, A. B. (2018). Brief review on fungal endophytes. International journal of secondary metabolite, 5(4), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.482798
Metwaly, A. M., Kadry, H. A., Atef, A., Mohammad, A.-E. I., Ma, G., Cutler, S. J., & Ross, S. A. (2014). Nigrosphaerin a new isochromene derivative from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica. Phytochemistry letters, 7, 1-5.
Miao, Y., Wang, H., Li, G., Zhang, Z., y Tang, L. (2013). Morfología y estructura de las micorrizas y distribución de hongos endofíticos en Vaccinium uliginosum L. en la montaña Changbai. Journal of northeast agricultural university, 44(1), 81-85. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DBDN201301017.htm
Mohali, S., Burgess, T. I., & Wingfield, M. J. (2005). Diversity and host association of the tropical tree endophyte Lasiodiplodia theobromae revealed using simple sequence repeat markers. Forest pathology, 35, 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2005.00418.x
Moya-Elizondo, E. A., Doussoulin, H., San Martin, J., Ruiz, B., & Del Valle, P. (2019). First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing Fusarium wilt on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in Chile. Plant disease, 103(10), 2669-2669. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0275-PDN
Nadziakiewicz, M., Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S., & Tekielska, D. (2018). Alternaria alternata – the main causal agent of disease symptoms in juniper, rose, yew and highbush blueberry in nurseries in Southern Poland. Folia horticulturae, 30(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0002
Photita, W., Lumyong, S., Lumyong, P., C, E. H., & Hyde, K. D. (2004). Are some endophytes of Musa acuminata latent pathogens? Fungal diversity, 16, 131-140. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.563.2343&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Piontelli. L, E., Toro S.M., M. A., Giusiano, G., y Vivar, V. (2002). Distribución altitudinal de hongos queratinofilos, epifitos y endófitos en suelos desérticos del norte chileno (II Región, 23°L.S Y 68°L.W). Boletín micológico, 17(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.22370/bolmicol.2002.17.0.436
Redagricola. (01 de abril del 2020). El arándano peruano alcanza el liderazgo mundial. Redagrícola Perú. https://www.redagricola.com/pe/arandano-peruano-alcanza-liderazgo-mundial/
Rodríguez-Gálvez, E., Hilário, S., Lopes, A., & Alves, A. (2020). Diversity and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia and Neopestalotiopsis species associated with stem blight and dieback of blueberry plants in Perú. European journal of plant pathology, 157(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01983-1
Rothen, C. P. (2015). Hongos endofitos septados en raíces de Glycine max: Diversidad, caracterización y estudio de la interacción [Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires]. https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/download/tesis/tesis_n5794_Rothen.pdf
Russo, M. L., Pelizza, S. A., Cabello, M. N., Stenglein, S. A., Vianna, M. F., & Scorsetti, A. C. (2016). Endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown in an agricultural area of Argentina. Revista Argentina de microbiología, 48(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2015.11.006
Segaran, G., & Sathiavelu, M. (2019). Fungal endophytes: A potent biocontrol agent and a bioactive metabolites reservoir. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 21, 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101284
Senthilkumar, N., Murugesan, S., & Babu, D. S. (2014). Metabolite profiling of the extracts of endophytic fungi of entomopathogenic significance, Aspergillus flavus and Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from tropical tree species of India, Tectona grandis L. Journal of agriculture and life Sciences, 1(1), 108-114. http://jalsnet.com/journal/index/2133
Sharma, I., & Sharma, A. (2014). Use of Alternaria spp. as a pest control agent: A review. World applied sciences journa,11(31), 1869-1872. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.11.83163
Vásquez, M. V., Lozano, R. E., Martínez, S. P., y Castillo, D. S. del. (2018). Hongos endófitos foliares como candidatos a biocontroladores contra Moniliophthora spp. De Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) en Ecuador. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 23(3), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v23n3.69455
Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi. Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. (Second). CRC PRESS.
Wright, E. R., Folgado, M., Rivera, M. C., Crelier, A., Vasquez, P., & Lopez, S. E. (2007). Nigrospora sphaerica causing leaf spot and twig and shoot blight on blueberry: A new hos of the pathogen. Plant disease, 92(1), 171-171. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0171B
XiaoXue, C., MiaoMiao, F., He, Z., XuLu, L., ChangLin, Z., JianRong, W., Jing, L., & Ping, Z. (2018). Identification and antifungal activity of an endophytic fungus from Vaccinium dunalianum. Journal of southwest forestry university, 38(4), 187-192. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193063255
Aharwal, R., & Kumar, S. (2016). Isolation and Identification of endophytic fungi from Ricinus communis Linn. And their antibacterial activity. International journal of environmental sciences, 6, 1163-1172. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijes.6111
Anitha, D., Vijaya, T., Pragathi, D., Reddy, N. V., Mouli, K. C., Venkateswarulu, N., & Bhargav, D. S. (2013). Isolation and characterization of endophytic fungi from endemic medicinal plants of Tirumala Hills. International journal of life sciences biotechnology and pharma research, 2(3), 367-373. http://new.ijlbpr.com/jlbpradmin/upload/ijlbpr_51dd838521508.pdf
Arias-Gómez, J., Villasís-Keever, M. Á., y Miranda-Novales, M. G. (2016). El protocolo de investigación III: La población de estudio. Revista alergia México, 63(2), 201 - 206. https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v63i2.181
Bailey, B. A., & Melnick, R. L. (2013). The endophytic Trichoderma. En P. K. Mukherjee, B. A. Horwitz, U. S. Singh, M. Mala, & M. Schmoll (Eds.), Trichoderma: Biology and applications (CABI, pp. 152-172). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780642475.0152
Barnett, H. L., & Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. (Third). Macmillan Publishing Company.
Barron, G. L. (1968). The genera of Hyphomycetes from soil. Baltimore. The Williams and Wilkins Co.
Batista, B. N., Raposo, N. V. de M., & Silva, I. R. da. (2018). Isolamento e avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de fungos endofíticos de açaizeiro. Revista fitos, 12(2), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.5935/2446-4775.20180015
Busby, P., Ridout, M., & Newcombe, G. (2016). Fungal endophytes: Modifiers of plant disease. Plant molecular biology review, 90, 645-655. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s11103-015-0412-0
Carroll, G. (1988). Fungal endophytes in stems and leaves: From latent pathogen to mutualistic symbiont. Ecology, 69(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943154
De Sousa Leite, T., Cnossen-Fassoni, A., Pereira, O., Mizubuti, E., Araújo, E., & Queiroz, M. (2013). Novel and highly diverse fungal endophytes in soybean revealed by the consortium of two different techniques. Journal of microbiology., 51(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2356-x
Di Rienzo, J. A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M. G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M., y Robledo, C. W. (2008). InfoStat software estadístico, Manual del Usuario: Vol. Grupo Infostad (1.1) [Computer software]. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
Fan, M., Chen, X., Luo, X., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Zhao, C., & Zhao, P. (2020). Diversity of endophytic fungi from the leaves of Vaccinium dunalianum. Letters in applied microbiology, 71(5), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13345
Fernandes, E. G., Pereira, O. L., Silva, C. C. da, Bento, C. B. P., & Queiroz, M. V. (2015). Diversity of endophytic fungi in Glycine max. Microbiological research, 181, 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.05.010
Fisher, P. J., & Petrini, O. (1992). Fungal saprobes and pathogens as endophytes of rice (Oryza sativa L.). New phytologist, 120(1), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01066.x
Flores, A. M., y Medina, J. L. (2012). Hongos asociados a la parte aérea del arándano en Los Reyes, Michoacán, México. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 30(2), 141-144. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmfi/v30n2/v30n2a4.pdf
Halo, B. A., Al-Yahyai, R. A., & Al-Sadi, A. M. (2021). Biological control of Pythium aphanidermatum-induced cucumber and radish damping-off by an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium omanense isolate 31R. Biocontrol science and technology, 31(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2020.1844148
Impullitti, A. E., & Malvick, D. K. (2013). Fungal endophyte diversity in soybean. Journal of Applied microbiology, 114(5), 1500-1506.
Larran, S., Mónaco, C., & Alippi, H. E. (2000). Endophytic fungi in beet (Beta vulgaris var. Esculenta L.) leaves. Advances in horticultural science, 14(4), 193-196. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42883275
Lei, Y., JianRong, W., Jia, D., YanYuan, L., & Fang, W. (2019). Pathogen identification of rotten blueberry fruit in post-harvest and screening of antagonistic bacteria. Journal of fujian agriculture and forestry university (Natural science edition), 48(2), 143-147. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20219924337
Li, Z.-J., Shen, X.-Y., & Hou, C.-L. (2016). Fungal endophytes of South China blueberry (Vaccinium dunalianum var. Urophyllum). Letters in applied microbiology, 63(6), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12673
Lima, T. E. F., & Cavalcanti, M. S. (2014). Fungos endófitos e do filoplano de Caesalpinia echinata lam da estação ecológica de Tapacurá, PE. Agrotrópica, 26(1), 43-50.
Lou, J., Fu, L., Peng, Y., & Zhou, L. (2013). Metabolites from alternaria fungi and Their bioactivities. Molecules, 18(5), 5891-5935. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18055891
Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Caradus, J. R., & Johnson, L. J. (2016). Fungal endophytes for sustainable crop production. FEMS Microbiology ecology, 92(12). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw194
Mane, R. S., Paarakh, P. M., & Vedamurthy, A. B. (2018). Brief review on fungal endophytes. International journal of secondary metabolite, 5(4), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.482798
Metwaly, A. M., Kadry, H. A., Atef, A., Mohammad, A.-E. I., Ma, G., Cutler, S. J., & Ross, S. A. (2014). Nigrosphaerin a new isochromene derivative from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica. Phytochemistry letters, 7, 1-5.
Miao, Y., Wang, H., Li, G., Zhang, Z., y Tang, L. (2013). Morfología y estructura de las micorrizas y distribución de hongos endofíticos en Vaccinium uliginosum L. en la montaña Changbai. Journal of northeast agricultural university, 44(1), 81-85. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DBDN201301017.htm
Mohali, S., Burgess, T. I., & Wingfield, M. J. (2005). Diversity and host association of the tropical tree endophyte Lasiodiplodia theobromae revealed using simple sequence repeat markers. Forest pathology, 35, 385-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2005.00418.x
Moya-Elizondo, E. A., Doussoulin, H., San Martin, J., Ruiz, B., & Del Valle, P. (2019). First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing Fusarium wilt on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in Chile. Plant disease, 103(10), 2669-2669. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-19-0275-PDN
Nadziakiewicz, M., Kurzawińska, H., Mazur, S., & Tekielska, D. (2018). Alternaria alternata – the main causal agent of disease symptoms in juniper, rose, yew and highbush blueberry in nurseries in Southern Poland. Folia horticulturae, 30(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0002
Photita, W., Lumyong, S., Lumyong, P., C, E. H., & Hyde, K. D. (2004). Are some endophytes of Musa acuminata latent pathogens? Fungal diversity, 16, 131-140. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.563.2343&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Piontelli. L, E., Toro S.M., M. A., Giusiano, G., y Vivar, V. (2002). Distribución altitudinal de hongos queratinofilos, epifitos y endófitos en suelos desérticos del norte chileno (II Región, 23°L.S Y 68°L.W). Boletín micológico, 17(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.22370/bolmicol.2002.17.0.436
Redagricola. (01 de abril del 2020). El arándano peruano alcanza el liderazgo mundial. Redagrícola Perú. https://www.redagricola.com/pe/arandano-peruano-alcanza-liderazgo-mundial/
Rodríguez-Gálvez, E., Hilário, S., Lopes, A., & Alves, A. (2020). Diversity and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia and Neopestalotiopsis species associated with stem blight and dieback of blueberry plants in Perú. European journal of plant pathology, 157(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-01983-1
Rothen, C. P. (2015). Hongos endofitos septados en raíces de Glycine max: Diversidad, caracterización y estudio de la interacción [Doctoral, Universidad de Buenos Aires]. https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/download/tesis/tesis_n5794_Rothen.pdf
Russo, M. L., Pelizza, S. A., Cabello, M. N., Stenglein, S. A., Vianna, M. F., & Scorsetti, A. C. (2016). Endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) grown in an agricultural area of Argentina. Revista Argentina de microbiología, 48(2), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2015.11.006
Segaran, G., & Sathiavelu, M. (2019). Fungal endophytes: A potent biocontrol agent and a bioactive metabolites reservoir. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 21, 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101284
Senthilkumar, N., Murugesan, S., & Babu, D. S. (2014). Metabolite profiling of the extracts of endophytic fungi of entomopathogenic significance, Aspergillus flavus and Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from tropical tree species of India, Tectona grandis L. Journal of agriculture and life Sciences, 1(1), 108-114. http://jalsnet.com/journal/index/2133
Sharma, I., & Sharma, A. (2014). Use of Alternaria spp. as a pest control agent: A review. World applied sciences journa,11(31), 1869-1872. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.31.11.83163
Vásquez, M. V., Lozano, R. E., Martínez, S. P., y Castillo, D. S. del. (2018). Hongos endófitos foliares como candidatos a biocontroladores contra Moniliophthora spp. De Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) en Ecuador. Acta Biológica Colombiana, 23(3), 235-241. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v23n3.69455
Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi. Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. (Second). CRC PRESS.
Wright, E. R., Folgado, M., Rivera, M. C., Crelier, A., Vasquez, P., & Lopez, S. E. (2007). Nigrospora sphaerica causing leaf spot and twig and shoot blight on blueberry: A new hos of the pathogen. Plant disease, 92(1), 171-171. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-1-0171B
XiaoXue, C., MiaoMiao, F., He, Z., XuLu, L., ChangLin, Z., JianRong, W., Jing, L., & Ping, Z. (2018). Identification and antifungal activity of an endophytic fungus from Vaccinium dunalianum. Journal of southwest forestry university, 38(4), 187-192. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193063255
Published
2022-03-04
How to Cite
Leon, B., Astete, A., Mattos, L., & Arévalo, E. (2022). Endophytic mycobiota associated to plants of Vaccinium corymbosum L. in Cañete valley- Perú. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 39(1), e223922. Retrieved from https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/37793
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Section
Crop Production
Copyright (c) 2022 Betsabe Leon Ttacca; Almendra Astete Farfán; Luz Leonor Mattos Calderón; Enrique Arévalo Gardini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
