The Eastern Arab Christians Between the European Spreading Influence and Ideological Hegemony
Resumen
ABSTRACT
The study was divided into three axes: the first is a preliminary entitled “The historical roots to form the issue of minorities” with a summary of its conditions until the stage of its submission to the authority of Islam. The second axis carried the title "Christian denominations in the Ottoman era" and focuses on the Ottoman policy towards Christians. The third axis addressed the development of the conditions of Christians during the beginning of the emergence of Arab countries and the treatments set by the Arab regimes for the state of separation in legal legislation towards them.
Citas
ABD AL-RAHMAN AL-ALLAM. (1996). “Civil Procedure Law”, part 1, Al-Ani Press (Baghdad, 1996), p. 46.
ABDEL-ILAH BELQIZIZ. "Arab Political Thought Formation and Obstacles"
ABU SAIF YOUSEF. (2011). “Copts and Arab Nationalism (An Exploratory Study)”, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2nd edition (Beirut, 2011), pp. 36-40.
AHMAD SAFWAT BEY. (1946). “The Personal Status of the Sectarian Sects”, 2nd Edition, Abdullah Wahba Library, (Cairo, 1946 AD), pp. 2-3.
AHMED ABDEL-RAHIM MUSTAFA. (1986). “On the Origins of Ottoman History”, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Shorouk, (Beirut, 1986), p. 39.
AHMED ABDEL-RAHIM MUSTAFA. (1986). “On the Origins of Ottoman History”, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Shorouk, (Beirut, 1986), pp. 201-202.
ALEXEI JURAFSKY. (1996). “Islam and Christianity”, The World of Knowledge, National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature (Kuwait, 1996), p. 148.
ALI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN AL-TAYYAR. (2006). “Non-Muslim Rights in the Islamic State”, 2nd edition (Riyadh, 2006), pp. 162-163.
ALI YOUSSEF. (2013). “Muslims between Religious Citizenship and Political Citizenship”, Dar Al-Maaref Al-Hikmiya, (Beirut, 2013), p. 16.
ARCHIVES OF THE PRIME MINISTER IN ISTANBUL. Research No. 16, Mission Book 262, Page 172, Document No. 710, Document Date 29 Jumada al-Akheri 1283 AH / 1866 CE.
BADRAN ABU AL-ENEIN BADRAN. (1984). “Relations between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Islamic Judaism and Christianity”, University Youth Foundation, (Alexandria, 1984 AD), p. 12.
BURHAN GHALYOUN. (2012). “The Sectarian Question and the Minority Problem”, 3rd edition, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (Beirut, 2012), p. 26.
CLAUDE LORIEUX. (2001). “Chrétiens d'Orient en terres d'islam” (Paris, 2001), p.p. 10-12.
DECLARATION OF DECLARATION OF THE EGYPTIAN CONSTITUTION OF 1952, p. 6.
ESMAT SAIF AL-DAWLA. (1986). “on Arabism and Islam”, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Beirut, 1986), pp. 385-387.
FADWA AHMAD MAHMOUD NUSSEIRAT. (2009). “Arab Christians and the Idea of Arab Nationalism in the Levant and Egypt (1840-1918 AD)”, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Beirut, 2009), p. 12.
FAIQA MUHAMMAD HAMZAH ABDUL SAMAD BAHRI. (1989). "The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Spread of Islam in Europe", Master Thesis, College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, Umm Al-Qura University, 1989, pp. 85-88.
FOUAD YOUSSEF QAZANJI. (2010). “The Origins of Syriac Culture in Mesopotamia”, Dar Degla, (Baghdad, 2010), p. 8.
GABRIEL NORADOUGHIAN. (1892). “Recueil d'actes internationaux de L'Empire Ottoman”, 1892, Vol.II, p.p.203-204.
GEORGE JABBOUR. (1976), “Arabism and other aspects of affiliation in the current constitutions of Arab countries”, Publications of the Ministry of Culture, (Damascus, 1976), p. 39.
GEORGE QURM. (1977). “Pluralism of Religions and Governance Systems”, Dar Al-Nahar, “Beirut, 1977 AD”, pp. 314-315.
HAIDER JASIM ABDUL-RUWAI. (2010). “Catholic Missionary Missionaries in the Near East and their Relationship to the Vatican 1830-1914AD,” Unpublished PhD thesis, College of Education, University of Qadisiyah, 2010AD, pp. 155-156.
HAIDER ZAKI ABDUL KARIM. (2015). “the First Iraqi Republic”, 14 July 1958 - 8 February 1963 AD, Al-Issami Press, (Baghdad, 2015).
HALIM BARAKAT. (1998). “Contemporary Arab Society”, Exploratory Research, 6th edition, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Beirut, 1998), p. 404.
HAMADA HOSNI. (2008). “The Sharia Judiciary in Egypt,” Al-Youm Al-Sabaa Newspaper, Monday, September 8, 2008.
http://elaph.com/ElaphWeb/ElaphWriter/2005/11/107254.htm
http://infobelkzizabdelillah.over-blog.com/article-28558297.html
IBRAHIM AHMED AL-WAQFI. (1989). “The Grace of Islam and Christianity”, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi (Cairo, 1989), p. 21.
IDRIS NASSER RANSI. (2007). “Ottoman-European Relations in the Sixteenth Century”, Dar Al-Hadi, (Beirut, 2007 AD), 339-354.
IRAQ'S PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION OF 1958.
JEAN-MAURICE FAYET. (1990). “The Conditions of the Christians in the Succession of Bani Al-Abbas”, translated by Hosni Zina, (Beirut, 1990), p. 36. For a distinction between Christianity and Christianity, see: Haider Jassem Al-Ruwaie, “The First Church of Jerusalem and Features of the Conflict between Local and International”, University Journal Tikrit for Humanities, p. 9, September 2013, pp. 281-317.
KAMAL AL-SAEED HABIB. (2002). “Minorities in the Islamic Experience from the Beginning of the Prophecy to the End of the Ottoman Empire (622 CE - 1908 CE) (AH-1325 AH)”, Arabic for Printing and Publishing, (Cairo, 2002), p. 17.
KHALIL ENALJIC. (2002). “History of the Ottoman Empire from Evolution to Regression”, translated by Muhammad al-Arna'ut, Dar al-Madar al-Islami, (Beirut, 2002), p. 280.
MASOUD DAHER. (2005). "Map of minorities in the Arab world, a mosaic of races, languages and religions that formed the identity of the region ... and its problems", Al-Sharq Al-Awsat newspaper, p. 9635, Friday 5 Rabi Al-Awwal 1426 AH, 15 April 2005 AD.
MASOUD DAHER. (2009). “The Historical Roots of the Lebanese Sectarian Question 1697-1861AD”, 4th edition, Dar Al-Farabi, (Beirut, 2009), p. 522.
MUHAMMAD AL-AHMARI. (2012). “Rooted Democracy and the Problem of Implementation”, The Arab Network for Research and Publishing, (Beirut, 2012), p. 259.
MUHAMMAD DHAIF ALLAH AL-BATAYNEH (Preparation). “The Relationship between the Christians of the Arabs and the Islamic Conquest Movement in the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant and Iraq,” Yarmouk University Publications, Department of Humanities, (Irbid, D.T), pp. 86-87.
MUHAMMAD HAMIDULLAH (plural). (1987). “Collection of Political Documents of the Prophet’s Covenant and Rightly Guided Caliphate”, 6th edition, Dar Al-Nafees, (Beirut, 1987 AD), pp. 175-179.
MUSTAFA SADIQ & AIT IBRAHIM, (1994). “General Constitutional Principles”, The Arab Renaissance Press, (Beirut, 1994), p. 209.
NAEL GERGES. (2012). “The Fragility of Legal Protection for the Christians of the Arab East in Personal Status Matters,” Mawared Magazine, Amnesty International, p. 19, 2012
NASIM SOUSA. (1993). The capitulation regime of turkeys, its history, origin, and the josh Hopkins press, (Baltimore, 1933), p. 160.
QAIS JAWAD AL-AZZAWI. (2003). “The Ottoman Empire, A New Reading of Decline Factors”, 2nd edition, Arab Science House (Beirut, 2003 AD), p. 96.
QIRIAQOS ISHU REFUKA, (2012). “History of the Judiciary for Non-Muslims” (Mosul, 2012), pp. 40-43.
RAPHAEL ABU ISHAQ. (1948). “History of the Christians of Iraq from the spread of Christianity in the Arab countries to our days”, (Baghdad, 1948 AD), p. 58.
SALAMA KAYLEH. (2011). “The Aborted Renaissance Problems of Arab Thought in the Twentieth Century” (A Critical Formative View), Al-Tanweer Printing and Publishing, (Beirut, 2011), p. 11,
SAMIH DEGHAIM. (1995). “Encyclopedia of Heavenly and Faithful Religions”, Arab Religions and Beliefs before Islam, Lebanese House of Thought (Beirut, 1995), pp. 13-18.
SHAABAN MUHAMMAD ISMAIL. (1985). Islam and its position on the previous laws, “Comparative fundamentalist research”, Dar Al-Fikr, (Cairo, 1985), p. 16.
SHAKER AL-NABULSI. (2005). “The Crisis of Minorities in the Arab World, Where to?”, Elaf Electronic Newspaper, November 21, 2005 AD:
SORIAL AZIZ ATTIA. (2005). “History of Eastern Christianity”, translated by Ishaq Obaid, Supreme Council of Culture, (Cairo, 2005 AD), pp. 98-102.
SUBHI MUHAMSANI. (1989). “Legislative Situations in the Arab Countries”, Their Past and Present, Dar Al-Alam for Millions, (Beirut, 1989), p. 245.
TARIQ AL-BISHRI. (1991). “between the Religious University and the National University in Political Thought”, (Cairo, 1991), pp. 29-33.
THE INTERIM IRAQI CONSTITUTION OF 1968.
THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, PEOPLE’S ASSEMBLY. the Syrian constitution for the state of Syria proposed by the Constituent Assembly in 1928 and promulgated in 1930: http://parliament.gov.sy/arabic/index.php?node=5518&cat=420&
VICTOR SAHAB. (1986). “The Arabs and the History of Christianity”, Dar Al-Wehda, (Beirut, 1986), p. 103.
WAJEEH KAWTHARANI. (1986). “Arab Christians, Arab Foundation for Research and Studies”, (Beirut, 1986), p. 62.
WAJIH KAWTHARANI. (1981). “Christians in the boredom system to the modern state,” Journal of Arab and World History, p. 32, 1981.
YASSIN AL-HAFIZ. (1997). “On the National Democratic Issue”, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Hassad, (Damascus, 1997 AD), 232.
YASSIN AL-HAFIZ. (1997). “On the National Democratic Question”, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Hassad, (Damascus, 1997 AD), 232.
YILMAZ OZTUNA.(1998). “The History of the Ottoman Empire”, Volume 1, Translated by Adnan Mahmoud Salman, Revised and Departed by Mahmoud Al-Ansari, Publications of the Feel Al-Taweel Foundation, (Istanbul, 1988), pp. 267-268.
