Heavy Metals in Girls, Children and Teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Barinas, Venezuela
Keywords:
Developmental disorders, Environmental pollution, Toxic metals, Autism
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neuro biological, of origin polygenetic and ensue from a multifocal dysfunction of the development of the nervous system. These understand: autism, Asperger's syndrome, disorders of the development not specified and Rett's syndrome. To object to evaluate the presence of heavy metals as a factor of environmental risk associated with the development of the ASD in the Barinas municipality, Barinas state, Venezuela, his content was analyzed experimentally, by means of acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 23 samples (x3) of hair ofgirls, children and teenagers with ASD and ages understood between 6 and 18 years; incluing two individuals without ASD as control.The potentially toxic metals in children and teenagers were significantly (p<0,05) higher than those of the samples control, beingn times over his Reference Value maximum (RVmax); being n for: Lead=124; Cadmium=95; Nickel=156 and Aluminium=35. Though all values exceed the RVmax, there does not exist minimal measure or maxim established to determine his direct or indirect influence on the appearance of the ASD.
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References
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Begum, A., Aguilar, J., Hong, Y. (2017). Aqueous cigarette tar extracts disrupt corticogenesis from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Environmental Research. 158: 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.012
Bellinger, D., Bellinger, A. (2006). Childhood lead poisoning: the torturous path from science to policy. Science and society. 116: 853-7. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI28232
Bernard, S., Enayat, A., Redwoood, L., Roger, H., Binstock, T. (2001). Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Medical Hypotheses. 56(4), 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1281
Bradstret, J., Geier, D., Kartzinel, J., Adams, J., Geier, M. (2003). Un estudio caso-control de la carga de mercurio en los niños con trastornos del espectro autista. Revista de Médicos y Cirujanos. 8(3), 76-79. https://www.jpands.org/vol8no3/geier.pdf
Cardoze, D. (2010). Autismo Infantil. Editorial Universitaria Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro. ISBN 998-9962-53-179-1.
Celis, G., Ochoa, M. (2022). Trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM. México. 65(1), 7-19. http://doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.1.02
Cruz, Y. (2013). Aspectos Básicos del Autismo: ¿Como identificar a un niño con Autismo? Ediciones College.
Cuadrado, M. (2001). Ingesta de contaminantes metales pesados y nutrientes potencialmente tóxicos Vía dieta total en Andalucía, Galicia, Madrid y Valencia. [Tesis doctoral]. Madrid: Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/63772
Domínguez, C., Mahfoud, A. (2009). Una mirada a la investigación en autismo en Venezuela. Revista de Estudios Trasdisciplinarios. 1(2), 110-115. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1792/179214945009.pdf
Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (2013). Chemicals management. http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/pesticides/chemicalmgt.htm
Fernández, M., César, M. (2005). Procedimiento recomendado para la determinación del aluminio en muestras biológicas y otros especímenes de interés clínico. Química Clínica. 24 (1), 46-54.
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Goyer, R., Clarsksom, W. (2001). Toxic effects of metals. En: Klaassen, C.D. editor. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The basic Science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill. 811-867.
Goyer, R. (1993). Lead Toxicity: current concerns. Environmental Health Perspectives. 100: 177-87. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93100177
Gwalteney, S. (2002). Heavy Metals. En: Haschek, W. M; Rosseaux, C.G.; Wallig, A.M. editors. Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. New York. Academic Press. pp. 701-732.
Hart, R., Rose, C., Hamer, R. (1989). Neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to cadmium. J. Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 11: 933-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638908400946
Hervás, A., Balmaña, N., Salgado, M. (2017). Trastorno del espectro autista. Pediatría Integral. XXI (2), 92-108. https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/publicacion-2017-03/los-trastornos-del-espectro-autista-tea/
Hodges, H., Fealko, C., Soares, N. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational Pediatrics. 9(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin. 68:167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kabata A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. Third Edition. CRC Press. Inc. Boca Raton. USA. p. 432.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic Disturbances of affectine contac. Nervous Child. 2, 217-250. https://autismtruths.org/pdf/Autistic%20Disturbances%20of%20Affective%20Contact%20-%20Leo%20Kanner.pdf
Lee, K., Kim, K., Ahn, Y., Choi, Y., Choo, J., Jang, Y., Lim, Y., Kim, J., Shin, C., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Hong, Y. (2021). Prenatal and postnatal exposures to four metals mixture and IQ in 6-yearold children: A prospective cohort study in South Korea. Environment International. 157: 106798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106798
Lione, A. (1985). Aluminum toxicology and the aluminum-containing medications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 29(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(85)90032-4
Lu, J., Wang, Z., Liang, Y., Yao, P. (2022). Rethinking autism: the impact of maternal risk factors on autism development. American Journal of Translation Research. 14(2), 1136-1145. PMID: 35273718; PMCID: PMC8902545: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8902545/
Lucho, C., Álvarez, M., Beltrán, R., Prieto, F., Poggi, H. (2005). A multivariate analysis of the accumulation and fractionation of major and trace elements in agricultural soils in Hidalgo State, Mexico irrigated with raw wastewater. Environmental International. 31(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.002
May, T., Cornish, K., Rinehart, N. (2014). Does gender matter? A one year follow-up of autistic, attention and anxiety symptoms in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44: 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1964-y
Méndez, M., Barroso, R., Villeda, J., Nava, C., Ríos, C. (2001). Histopathological alterations in the brain regions of rats after perinatal combined treatment with cadmium and dexamethasone. Toxicology. 161: 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00349-3
Millá, M., Mulas, F. (2009). Atención temprana y programas de intervención específica en el trastorno del espectro autista. Revista Neurología. 48: 47-52. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4232373
Montiel, C., Peña, J. (2008). Hallazgos epidemiológicos de trastornos generalizados del desarrollo en un estudio venezolano. Autismo. 12(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307086663
Mora, S., Abarca, E., Chinchilla, S. (2023). El trastorno del espectro autista en la actualidad, abordado para el médico general. LATAM. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. 4(2), 3028–3044. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i2.814
Morocho, K., Sánchez, D., Patiño, V. (2021). Perfil epidemiológico del autismo en Latinoamérica. Salud y Ciencias Médicas. ISSN 2773-7438, Ecuador. 1(2), 14-25. https://saludycienciasmedicas.uleam.edu.ec/index.php/salud/article/view/25
Nava, C., Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio). Archivos de Neurociencia. 16 (3): 140-147. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=32546
Nwadiuto, C., Nkeiruka, Z., Ebere, Orish. (2017). Heavy metals inmiscarriages and stillbirths in developing nations. Review article. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 22 (2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2017.03.003
Otaru, S., Lawrence, D. (2022). Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism. Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy. 2: 141–61. https://doi.org/10.37349/ent.2022.00025
Piccini, P., Montagnani, C., De Martino, M. (2018). Gender disparity in pediatrics: a review of the current literature. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 44(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-017-0437-x
Posada, M. (2009). Tres cuestiones acerca de la posible relación entre autismo y exposiciones al mercurio que se plantean con cierta frecuencia. Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, España.
Provias, J., Ackerley, C., Smith, C., Becker, L. (1994). Cadmium encephalopaty: a report with elemental analysis and pathological findings. Acta Neuropathol. 88: 583-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00296497
Reinhardt, V., Wetherby, A., Schatschneider, C., Lord, C. (2015). Examination of sex differences in a large sample of young children with autism spectrum disorder and typical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 45: 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6
Risser, J., Baker, D. (1990). Testing for toxic metals. 3th Ed. SSSA, Madison, WI. EUA: Westerman, DL.
Snodgrass, W. (2016). Heavy Metal Toxicology. En: Encyclopedia of Food and Health. p. 328-33. http://www.sciencedirect.com/search
STATISTICA (2001). STATISTICA para Window. Versión 6.0. Statsoft, Inc.
The Great Plains Laboratory, Inc. (2017). Toxic and essential elements in hair. Refference intervals. Sample Report. USA.
Tostado, H. (2014). Neurotoxicidad de los metales pesados: plomo, mercurio y aluminio. Una revisión sistemática. Trabajo Especial de Grado Maestría. Universidad de Valladolid. España. Facultad de Medicina. https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/handle/10324/7188/TFM-M149.pdf
Windham, G; Zhang, L.; Gunier, R., Croen, L., Grether, J. (2006). Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Distribution of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114(9), 1438-1444. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9120
Wong, k., Klaassen, C. (1982). Neurotoxic effects of cadmium in young rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 63(3), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90261-7
Zubero, M., Aurrekoetxea, J., Ibarluzea J., Arenaza, M., Basterretxea, M., Rodríguez, C., Sáenz, J. (2008). Metales pesados (Pb, Cd, Cr y Hg) en población general adulta próxima a una planta de tratamiento de residuos urbanos de Bizkaia. Revista Española de Salud Pública. 82: 481-492. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/resp/v82n5/original1.pdf
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry. (ATSDR). (2005).Toxicological Profile for Lead. U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Diseases Control, Atlanta, GA.
Al Farsi, Y., Waly, M., Al Sharbati, M., Al Shafaee, Al Farsi, O., Al Khanduri, M., Gupta, I., Ouhtit, A., Al Adawi, S., Al Said, M., Deth, R. (2013). Levels of heavy metals an essential mineral in hair samples of children with autism in Oman: A case-control study. Biological Trace Element Research. 151: 181-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9553-z
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales: DSM-V. México: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV), Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Begum, A., Aguilar, J., Hong, Y. (2017). Aqueous cigarette tar extracts disrupt corticogenesis from human embryonic stem cells in vitro. Environmental Research. 158: 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.012
Bellinger, D., Bellinger, A. (2006). Childhood lead poisoning: the torturous path from science to policy. Science and society. 116: 853-7. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI28232
Bernard, S., Enayat, A., Redwoood, L., Roger, H., Binstock, T. (2001). Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Medical Hypotheses. 56(4), 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1281
Bradstret, J., Geier, D., Kartzinel, J., Adams, J., Geier, M. (2003). Un estudio caso-control de la carga de mercurio en los niños con trastornos del espectro autista. Revista de Médicos y Cirujanos. 8(3), 76-79. https://www.jpands.org/vol8no3/geier.pdf
Cardoze, D. (2010). Autismo Infantil. Editorial Universitaria Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro. ISBN 998-9962-53-179-1.
Celis, G., Ochoa, M. (2022). Trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM. México. 65(1), 7-19. http://doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2022.65.1.02
Cruz, Y. (2013). Aspectos Básicos del Autismo: ¿Como identificar a un niño con Autismo? Ediciones College.
Cuadrado, M. (2001). Ingesta de contaminantes metales pesados y nutrientes potencialmente tóxicos Vía dieta total en Andalucía, Galicia, Madrid y Valencia. [Tesis doctoral]. Madrid: Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/63772
Domínguez, C., Mahfoud, A. (2009). Una mirada a la investigación en autismo en Venezuela. Revista de Estudios Trasdisciplinarios. 1(2), 110-115. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1792/179214945009.pdf
Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (2013). Chemicals management. http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/pesticides/chemicalmgt.htm
Fernández, M., César, M. (2005). Procedimiento recomendado para la determinación del aluminio en muestras biológicas y otros especímenes de interés clínico. Química Clínica. 24 (1), 46-54.
García, J. (2011). Comparación de factores de riesgo perinatal presentes en niñas con trastornos de Rett y trastorno Autista. Informe de Investigación: Avances en psicología clínica y de la salud. Trabajo Especial de Grado. Universidad de San Buenaventura. Bogotá.
Goyer, R., Clarsksom, W. (2001). Toxic effects of metals. En: Klaassen, C.D. editor. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. The basic Science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill. 811-867.
Goyer, R. (1993). Lead Toxicity: current concerns. Environmental Health Perspectives. 100: 177-87. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93100177
Gwalteney, S. (2002). Heavy Metals. En: Haschek, W. M; Rosseaux, C.G.; Wallig, A.M. editors. Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. New York. Academic Press. pp. 701-732.
Hart, R., Rose, C., Hamer, R. (1989). Neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to cadmium. J. Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 11: 933-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688638908400946
Hervás, A., Balmaña, N., Salgado, M. (2017). Trastorno del espectro autista. Pediatría Integral. XXI (2), 92-108. https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/publicacion-2017-03/los-trastornos-del-espectro-autista-tea/
Hodges, H., Fealko, C., Soares, N. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational Pediatrics. 9(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin. 68:167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
Kabata A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. Third Edition. CRC Press. Inc. Boca Raton. USA. p. 432.
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic Disturbances of affectine contac. Nervous Child. 2, 217-250. https://autismtruths.org/pdf/Autistic%20Disturbances%20of%20Affective%20Contact%20-%20Leo%20Kanner.pdf
Lee, K., Kim, K., Ahn, Y., Choi, Y., Choo, J., Jang, Y., Lim, Y., Kim, J., Shin, C., Lee, Y., Kim, B., Hong, Y. (2021). Prenatal and postnatal exposures to four metals mixture and IQ in 6-yearold children: A prospective cohort study in South Korea. Environment International. 157: 106798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106798
Lione, A. (1985). Aluminum toxicology and the aluminum-containing medications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 29(2), 255-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(85)90032-4
Lu, J., Wang, Z., Liang, Y., Yao, P. (2022). Rethinking autism: the impact of maternal risk factors on autism development. American Journal of Translation Research. 14(2), 1136-1145. PMID: 35273718; PMCID: PMC8902545: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8902545/
Lucho, C., Álvarez, M., Beltrán, R., Prieto, F., Poggi, H. (2005). A multivariate analysis of the accumulation and fractionation of major and trace elements in agricultural soils in Hidalgo State, Mexico irrigated with raw wastewater. Environmental International. 31(3), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.002
May, T., Cornish, K., Rinehart, N. (2014). Does gender matter? A one year follow-up of autistic, attention and anxiety symptoms in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 44: 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1964-y
Méndez, M., Barroso, R., Villeda, J., Nava, C., Ríos, C. (2001). Histopathological alterations in the brain regions of rats after perinatal combined treatment with cadmium and dexamethasone. Toxicology. 161: 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00349-3
Millá, M., Mulas, F. (2009). Atención temprana y programas de intervención específica en el trastorno del espectro autista. Revista Neurología. 48: 47-52. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4232373
Montiel, C., Peña, J. (2008). Hallazgos epidemiológicos de trastornos generalizados del desarrollo en un estudio venezolano. Autismo. 12(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307086663
Mora, S., Abarca, E., Chinchilla, S. (2023). El trastorno del espectro autista en la actualidad, abordado para el médico general. LATAM. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. 4(2), 3028–3044. https://doi.org/10.56712/latam.v4i2.814
Morocho, K., Sánchez, D., Patiño, V. (2021). Perfil epidemiológico del autismo en Latinoamérica. Salud y Ciencias Médicas. ISSN 2773-7438, Ecuador. 1(2), 14-25. https://saludycienciasmedicas.uleam.edu.ec/index.php/salud/article/view/25
Nava, C., Méndez, M. (2011). Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados (cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio). Archivos de Neurociencia. 16 (3): 140-147. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=32546
Nwadiuto, C., Nkeiruka, Z., Ebere, Orish. (2017). Heavy metals inmiscarriages and stillbirths in developing nations. Review article. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. 22 (2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2017.03.003
Otaru, S., Lawrence, D. (2022). Autism: genetics, environmental stressors, maternal immune activation, and the male bias in autism. Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy. 2: 141–61. https://doi.org/10.37349/ent.2022.00025
Piccini, P., Montagnani, C., De Martino, M. (2018). Gender disparity in pediatrics: a review of the current literature. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 44(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-017-0437-x
Posada, M. (2009). Tres cuestiones acerca de la posible relación entre autismo y exposiciones al mercurio que se plantean con cierta frecuencia. Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Raras. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, España.
Provias, J., Ackerley, C., Smith, C., Becker, L. (1994). Cadmium encephalopaty: a report with elemental analysis and pathological findings. Acta Neuropathol. 88: 583-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00296497
Reinhardt, V., Wetherby, A., Schatschneider, C., Lord, C. (2015). Examination of sex differences in a large sample of young children with autism spectrum disorder and typical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 45: 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6
Risser, J., Baker, D. (1990). Testing for toxic metals. 3th Ed. SSSA, Madison, WI. EUA: Westerman, DL.
Snodgrass, W. (2016). Heavy Metal Toxicology. En: Encyclopedia of Food and Health. p. 328-33. http://www.sciencedirect.com/search
STATISTICA (2001). STATISTICA para Window. Versión 6.0. Statsoft, Inc.
The Great Plains Laboratory, Inc. (2017). Toxic and essential elements in hair. Refference intervals. Sample Report. USA.
Tostado, H. (2014). Neurotoxicidad de los metales pesados: plomo, mercurio y aluminio. Una revisión sistemática. Trabajo Especial de Grado Maestría. Universidad de Valladolid. España. Facultad de Medicina. https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/handle/10324/7188/TFM-M149.pdf
Windham, G; Zhang, L.; Gunier, R., Croen, L., Grether, J. (2006). Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Distribution of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114(9), 1438-1444. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9120
Wong, k., Klaassen, C. (1982). Neurotoxic effects of cadmium in young rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 63(3), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(82)90261-7
Zubero, M., Aurrekoetxea, J., Ibarluzea J., Arenaza, M., Basterretxea, M., Rodríguez, C., Sáenz, J. (2008). Metales pesados (Pb, Cd, Cr y Hg) en población general adulta próxima a una planta de tratamiento de residuos urbanos de Bizkaia. Revista Española de Salud Pública. 82: 481-492. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/resp/v82n5/original1.pdf
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
Chirinos Acosta , M., Acosta, Y., & Rosales , Y. (2025). Heavy Metals in Girls, Children and Teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Barinas, Venezuela. Journal of the University of Zulia , 16(46), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15311633
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