Trafficking in persons: cluster analysis of sending and receiving countries
Keywords:
human trafficking, slavery, exploitation, international crime, migration
Abstract
The objective of this article is to deepen the understanding of the problem of human trafficking by analyzing the patterns of the distribution of traffic across countries, based on international statistics on various socio-economic indicators. We conducted cluster analysis using neuro network grouping algorithm of Kohonen self-organizing maps, basing on 44 variables reflecting different social and economical aspects for 144 countries. Countries were grouped according to the type and level of risk of trafficking-related crimes, and traffic distribution maps were built based on generally accepted hypotheses about traffic factors. As a result of the study, a number of hypotheses explaining the nature of traffic were tested. The results reveal the linkage between the risk of incoming and outgoing trafficking and the socio-economic parameters of the countries and groups.
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Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
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Adjusted net national income per capita (current US$) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.PC.CD. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt (accessed 10.10.2019).
Battle-related deaths (number of people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ VC.BTL.DETH. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/(accessed 01.11.2019).
Cameron S., Newman E. (2008). Trafficking in humans – Social, political and cultural dimensions. Hong Kong, 2008. pp. 21
Corruption Perceptions Index (2019). Available at: https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.emp.1524.sp.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
Gender Inequality Index (2019). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII. (accessed 14.09.2019).
GINI index (World Bank estimate). (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Global Peace Index (2019). Available at: http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/ (accessed 16.10.2019).
Global Slavery Index 2018 (2018). Available at: https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/ (accessed 10.11.2019).
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
ILO says forced labour generates annual profits of US$ 150 billion (2014). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang--en/index.html (accessed 18.04.2021).
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/sh.tbs.incd. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG. (accessed 14.09.2019).
International migrant stock (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS (accessed 14.09.2019).
International Organization for Migration Available at: https://www.ctdatacollaborative.org/map (accessed 01.11.2019).
Key charts on Education (2019). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/education/. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Lanier M., Henry, S. (2004). Essential Criminology. (2nd ed.)/ USA, 2004. pp. 90]; DOI 10.4324/9780429496592
Literacy rate (2019). Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=166. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.DYN.LE00.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
List of countries by forest area (2019). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Mid-Year Trends 2017 (2017). Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/5aaa4fd27.pdf (accessed 14.09.2019).
Migration and Remittances Data (2019). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data (accessed 14.09.2019).
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 (accessed 14.09.2019).
Population ages 65 and above, total (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population data (2019). Available at: https://population.un.org/ (accessed 01.11.2019).
Population growth (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
SP.POP.GROW (accessed 10.10.2019).
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sg.gen.parl.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sn.itk.defc.zs. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG (accessed 14.09.2019).
Rural population (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Shelley L. (2010). Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, 2010. pp. 52–53.
Siddharth K. (2009). Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York : Chichester, 2009. pp. 31. DOI 10.1007/s12142-011-0192-0
Siluyanova Yu. A. (2019). Faktory, sposobstvuyushchie razvitiyu industrii torgovli lyud'mi v Rossii i v mire [Factors contributing to the development of the human trafficking industry in Russia and in the world]. Public administration, Electronic Bulletin, 2019, no. 77. pp. 84-110. DOI 10.24411/2070-1381-2019-10019.
Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=country. (accessed 16.10.2019).
World Happiness Report 2018 (2018). Available at: https://world happiness.report/ed/2018/(accessed 16.10.2019).
Published
2021-09-02
How to Cite
Siluyanova , Y. A. (2021). Trafficking in persons: cluster analysis of sending and receiving countries. Journal of the University of Zulia , 12(34), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.19
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