Neuroinfection and neurological pathologies by the Zika virus. A review

• Rita Briones Verdi Cevallos Balda Hospital in Portoviejo, Ecuador
• Marcela Cobeña Los Ceibos Hospital. Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security.
• Viviana Moreira Verdi Cevallos Balda Hospital in Portoviejo, Ecuador.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.33.22

Keywords: Zika virus; Neuroinfection; Neurological Pathology

Abstract

The pathogenesis of the Zika Virus (ZIKV) is currently not well understood. However, studies have suggested that it begins when dendritic cells are infected near the site of inoculation of the bite of the mosquito infected with the virus; later it spreads through the lymph nodes and finally to the bloodstream, through which it comes to exert its action. The objective of this article is to describe the mechanism of neuroinfection and neurological pathologies caused by the Zika virus, for which a systematic bibliographic review was carried out. Within this pathogenic action, its predilection for nervous tissues stands out, accepting flavivirus as highly neurotropic. The main route is neuroinvasion as a process that involves multiple steps in the disruption of hermetic intercellular junctions, through the alteration of claudin and its passage through the blood-brain barrier, the choroid plexuses and the glia; this favors the neurological alterations produced as a result of in utero infection. Of these alterations, microcephaly is the most important, which is why the suspicion that there is a relationship between Zika virus infection and microcephaly, as well as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myelitis and viral meningoencephalitis, which locates the virus as the neurotrope par excellence. In conclusion, the data point to an important association between Zika infection and neurological pathology, which is why it represents a target of study in order to prevent its transmission and reduce development during pregnancy.

References

Adibi J., Marques E., Cartus A., Beigi R. (2016). Teratogenic effects of the Zika virus and the role of the placenta. The Lancet; 387 (10027): 1587-90.

Bai F., Kong K., Dai J., Qian F., Zhang L., Brown C R. et al. (2010). A paradoxical role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus. J Infect Dis. 202 (12): 1804-12.

Barkovich A., Guerrini R., Kuzniecky R., Jackson G., Dobyns W. (2012). A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain; 135 (5): 1348-69.

Bayer A., Lennemann N., Ouyang Y., Bramley J., Morosky S. et al. (2016). Type III interferons produced by human placental trophoblasts confer protection against Zika virus infection. Cell Host Microbe. 19 (5): 705-12.

Cao-Lormeau V., Blake, A., Mons, S., Lastère, C., Roche V., et al. (2016). Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. The Lancet, 387 (10027): 1531-1539.

Coronell W., Arteta C., Suárez F., Burgos M., Rubio C. et al. (2016). Infección por virus del Zika en el embarazo, impacto fetal y neonatal. Revista chilena de infectología, 33(6), 665-673.

Culjat M., Darling S E., Nerurkar V., Ching N., Kumar M., Min S., et al. (2016). Clinical and imaging findings in an infant with Zika embryopathy. Clin Infect Dis. 63 (6): 805-811.

Forlenza R. (2017). Enfermedad por virus Zika. Alcances en neurología Zika virus disease. Scope in neurology. 9 (2): 63-67.

Gioula G., Nunes M., Zafeiriou D. (2016). An emerging cause of concern in Europe: Zika virus, the developing CNS and the pediatric neurologist. Eur J Paediatr Neurol; 20 (4): 497-9.

Hamel R., Dejarnac O., Wichit S., Ekchariyawat P., Neyret A., Luplertlop N., et al. (2015). Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol; 89 (17): 8880-96.

Karwowski M., Nelson J., Staples J. et al. (2016). Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers. Pediatrics. 137(5): 223-301.

Lugones M., Ramírez M. (2016). Infección por virus zika en el embarazo y microcefalia. Revista Cubana de Obstetricia y Ginecología. 42 (1):54-62.

Miner J., Daniels B., Shrestha B., Proenca J., Lew E., Lazear H. et al. (2015). The TAM receptor Mertk protects against neuroinvasive viral infection by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Nat Med; 21 (12): 1464-72

Miranda D., Martelli C., Ximenes R., Araújo T., Rocha M., Ramos R. t al. (2016). Initial description of Ethe presumed congenital Zika syndrome. Am J Public Health; 106 (4): 598-600.

Moreno D., Zavala M., Santamaría D. Santibáñez R. (2016). Manifestaciones Neurológicas Asociadas a Infección por Virus Zika. Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología. 25 (3): 13-21.

Nowakowski T., Pollen A., Di Lullo E., Sandoval C., Bershteyn M., Kriegstein A. (2016). Expression analysis highlights axl as a candidate Zika virus entry receptor in neural stem cells. Cell Stem Cell; 18 (5): 591-6.

Núñez E., Vásquez M., Beltrán B., Padgett D. (2016). Virus Zika en Centroamérica y sus complicaciones. Acta Med Peru. 33(1):42-9.

Obara C., Dowd K., Ledgerwood J., Pierson T. (2013). Impact of viral attachment factor expression on antibody-mediated neutralization of flaviviruses. Virology; 437 (1): 20-7.

Organización Mundial de la Salud-Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2016). Guía para la vigilancia de la enfermedad por el virus Zika y sus complicaciones. Washington. Disponible en: http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=-om_topics&view=rdmore&cid=7919&Itemid=41484.

Organización Mundial de la Salud-Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2018). Guía para la vigilancia de la enfermedad por el virus del Zika y sus complicaciones. Edición 2018. Washington. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/49518/9789275320198_spa.pdf?sequence=2&is.

Raminer J., Sene A., Richner J., et al. (2016). Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears. Cell Reports. 16 (3): 208-18.

Solomon I., Milner D., Folkerth R. (2016). Neuropathology for Zika virus infection. J Neuroinfect Dis. 7 (2) 54-66.

Tang H., Hammack C., Ogden S., Wen Z., Qian X., et al. (2016). (2016). Cell Stem Cell. Célula madre celular. 18 (5): 587-90.

Torres A. (2017). Enfermedad por virus de Zika y sus complicaciones neurológicas. Pediátr Panamá. 46 (2): 41-45.

Van der Meché F., Van Doorn P., Meulstee J., Jennekens F. (2001). GBS-consensus group of the Dutch Neuromuscular Research Support Centre. Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur Neurol. 45(3):133–9.

White M., Wollebo H., Beckham J., Tyler K., Khalili K. (2016). Zika virus: An emerging neuropathological agent. Ann Neurol; 80(4): 479-89

Wikan N., Smith D. (2016). Zika virus: history of a newly emerging arbovirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 16(7):119-126.

Willison H., Jacobs B., Van Doorn P. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome. The Lancet. 388 (10045):717-27.