Trata de personas: análisis por grupos temáticos de los países de origen y de acogida
Palabras clave:
trata de personas, esclavitud, explotación, crimen internacional, migración
Resumen
El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar en la comprensión del problema de la trata de personas mediante el análisis de los patrones de distribución del tráfico entre países, sobre la base de estadísticas internacionales sobre diversos indicadores socioeconómicos. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados utilizando el algoritmo de agrupación de redes neurológicas de los mapas autoorganizados de Kohonen, basándose en 44 variables que reflejan diferentes aspectos sociales y económicos para 144 países. Los países se agruparon según el tipo y el nivel de riesgo de delitos relacionados con la trata, y se construyeron mapas de distribución del tráfico basados en hipótesis generalmente aceptadas sobre los factores del tráfico. Como resultado del estudio, se probaron una serie de hipótesis que explicaban la naturaleza del tráfico. Los resultados revelan el vínculo entre el riesgo de tráfico entrante y saliente y los parámetros socioeconómicos de los países y grupos.
Descargas
La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.
Citas
Aronowitz A. A. (2009). Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings. London, 2009. pp. 12. DOI 10.1080/17440572.2012.754350
Adjusted net national income per capita (current US$) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.PC.CD. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt (accessed 10.10.2019).
Battle-related deaths (number of people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ VC.BTL.DETH. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/(accessed 01.11.2019).
Cameron S., Newman E. (2008). Trafficking in humans – Social, political and cultural dimensions. Hong Kong, 2008. pp. 21
Corruption Perceptions Index (2019). Available at: https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.emp.1524.sp.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
Gender Inequality Index (2019). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII. (accessed 14.09.2019).
GINI index (World Bank estimate). (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Global Peace Index (2019). Available at: http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/ (accessed 16.10.2019).
Global Slavery Index 2018 (2018). Available at: https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/ (accessed 10.11.2019).
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
ILO says forced labour generates annual profits of US$ 150 billion (2014). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang--en/index.html (accessed 18.04.2021).
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/sh.tbs.incd. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG. (accessed 14.09.2019).
International migrant stock (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS (accessed 14.09.2019).
International Organization for Migration Available at: https://www.ctdatacollaborative.org/map (accessed 01.11.2019).
Key charts on Education (2019). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/education/. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Lanier M., Henry, S. (2004). Essential Criminology. (2nd ed.)/ USA, 2004. pp. 90]; DOI 10.4324/9780429496592
Literacy rate (2019). Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=166. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.DYN.LE00.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
List of countries by forest area (2019). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Mid-Year Trends 2017 (2017). Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/5aaa4fd27.pdf (accessed 14.09.2019).
Migration and Remittances Data (2019). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data (accessed 14.09.2019).
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 (accessed 14.09.2019).
Population ages 65 and above, total (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population data (2019). Available at: https://population.un.org/ (accessed 01.11.2019).
Population growth (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
SP.POP.GROW (accessed 10.10.2019).
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sg.gen.parl.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sn.itk.defc.zs. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG (accessed 14.09.2019).
Rural population (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Shelley L. (2010). Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, 2010. pp. 52–53.
Siddharth K. (2009). Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York : Chichester, 2009. pp. 31. DOI 10.1007/s12142-011-0192-0
Siluyanova Yu. A. (2019). Faktory, sposobstvuyushchie razvitiyu industrii torgovli lyud'mi v Rossii i v mire [Factors contributing to the development of the human trafficking industry in Russia and in the world]. Public administration, Electronic Bulletin, 2019, no. 77. pp. 84-110. DOI 10.24411/2070-1381-2019-10019.
Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=country. (accessed 16.10.2019).
World Happiness Report 2018 (2018). Available at: https://world happiness.report/ed/2018/(accessed 16.10.2019).
Adjusted net national income per capita (current US$) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.PC.CD. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.ado.tfrt (accessed 10.10.2019).
Battle-related deaths (number of people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ VC.BTL.DETH. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/(accessed 01.11.2019).
Cameron S., Newman E. (2008). Trafficking in humans – Social, political and cultural dimensions. Hong Kong, 2008. pp. 21
Corruption Perceptions Index (2019). Available at: https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/overview. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sp.dyn.cdrt.in (accessed 10.10.2019).
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sl.emp.1524.sp.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
Gender Inequality Index (2019). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII. (accessed 14.09.2019).
GINI index (World Bank estimate). (2019) Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Global Peace Index (2019). Available at: http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/ (accessed 16.10.2019).
Global Slavery Index 2018 (2018). Available at: https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/resources/downloads/ (accessed 10.11.2019).
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
ILO says forced labour generates annual profits of US$ 150 billion (2014). Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang--en/index.html (accessed 18.04.2021).
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/sh.tbs.incd. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG. (accessed 14.09.2019).
International migrant stock (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.ZS (accessed 14.09.2019).
International Organization for Migration Available at: https://www.ctdatacollaborative.org/map (accessed 01.11.2019).
Key charts on Education (2019). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/education/. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Lanier M., Henry, S. (2004). Essential Criminology. (2nd ed.)/ USA, 2004. pp. 90]; DOI 10.4324/9780429496592
Literacy rate (2019). Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=166. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ SP.DYN.LE00.IN (accessed 10.10.2019).
List of countries by forest area (2019). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Mid-Year Trends 2017 (2017). Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/5aaa4fd27.pdf (accessed 14.09.2019).
Migration and Remittances Data (2019). Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data (accessed 14.09.2019).
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 (accessed 14.09.2019).
Population ages 65 and above, total (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS (accessed 10.10.2019).
Population data (2019). Available at: https://population.un.org/ (accessed 01.11.2019).
Population growth (annual %) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
SP.POP.GROW (accessed 10.10.2019).
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sg.gen.parl.zs. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/sn.itk.defc.zs. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG (accessed 14.09.2019).
Rural population (% of total population) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 16.10.2019).
Shelley L. (2010). Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, 2010. pp. 52–53.
Siddharth K. (2009). Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York : Chichester, 2009. pp. 31. DOI 10.1007/s12142-011-0192-0
Siluyanova Yu. A. (2019). Faktory, sposobstvuyushchie razvitiyu industrii torgovli lyud'mi v Rossii i v mire [Factors contributing to the development of the human trafficking industry in Russia and in the world]. Public administration, Electronic Bulletin, 2019, no. 77. pp. 84-110. DOI 10.24411/2070-1381-2019-10019.
Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) (2019). Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS. (accessed 14.09.2019).
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019). Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=country. (accessed 16.10.2019).
World Happiness Report 2018 (2018). Available at: https://world happiness.report/ed/2018/(accessed 16.10.2019).
Publicado
2021-09-02
Cómo citar
Siluyanova , Y. A. (2021). Trata de personas: análisis por grupos temáticos de los países de origen y de acogida. Revista De La Universidad Del Zulia, 12(34), 317-340. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.34.19
Sección
Artículos
Copyright
La Revista de la Universidad del Zulia declara que reconoce los derechos de los autores de los trabajos originales que en ella se publican; dichos trabajos son propiedad intelectual de sus autores. Los autores preservan sus derechos de autoría y comparten sin propósitos comerciales, según la licencia adoptada por la revista..
Esta obra está bajo la licencia:
Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
