Competences formation for global citizenship: international mobility during the pandemic
Abstract
In consonance with the assertion that international students are people with a high degree of motivation (Wright & Schartner, 2013; Jindal-Snape & Rienties, 2016), this study analyses the experience of four Mexican undergraduate students who left during the health contingency due to COVID-19, a period of greater uncertainty and instability, to Europe and Asia for face-to-face mobility for a semester. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and the findings indicate that, despite the challenges faced, the mobility guided them towards the development of a profile as global citizens.
References
Adler, P. S. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of humanistic psychology, vol.15 (4), pp.13-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787501500403
Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International education, vol.5 (2), pp.131-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240906065589
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied psychology, vol.46 (1), pp. 5-34.
Braun, V. y Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3 (2), pp. 77–101. https://doi:10.1191/ 1478088706qp063oa
Brown, L. y Holloway, I. (2008). The initial stage of the international sojourn: excitement or culture shock? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, vol. 36 (1), pp. 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880701715689
Chen, J. H., Li, Y., Wu, A. M. y Tong, K. K. (2020). The overlooked minority: Mental health of International students worldwide under the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Asian journal of psychiatry, vol. 54 (diciembre), pp. 102333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102333
Chirikov, I. y Soria, K. M. (2020). International Students’ Experiences and Concerns During the Pandemic. SERU Consortium, University of California-Berkeley and University of Minnesota. Minnesota Digital Conservancy. https://hdl.handle.net/11299/215272.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design. Sage Publications Inc.
De Wit, H. (2011). Globalisation and Internationalisation of Higher Education. Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento (RUSC), vol.8 (2), pp. 241-248.
Dumford, A. D. y Miller, A. L. (2018). Online learning in higher education: exploring advantages and disadvantages for engagement. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, vol.30 (3), pp. 452-465.
Evans, N. (2009). Orientation. En Andrade, M. And Evans, N. (eds.). International students: Strengthening a critical resource. Lanham, MD, Rowman and Littlefield Education, pp. 103-131.
Fantini, A. E. (2009). Developing Intercultural Competencies: An Educational Imperative for the 21st Century. Studies in Language and Literature, vol.28 (2), pp. 193-213.
Firang, D. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on international students in Canada. International Social Work, vol. 63 (6), pp. 820824.
Fronek, P., Briggs, L., Liang, J., Gallagher, H., Doherty, A., Charles, B. y Mcdonald, Sh. (2021). Australian social work academics respond to international students in crisis during COVID-19. Frontiers in Education, vol. 6, p. 637583. https://doi: 10.3389/feduc.2021.637583
Furnham, A. y Bochner, S. (1982). Social difficulty in a foreign culture: An empirical analysis of culture shock. Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction, vol.1, pp. 161-198.
Hari, A., Nardon, L. y Zhang, H. (2021). A transnational lens into international student experiences of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Global Networks, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12332
Hernández López, E. M. (2021). Traditional Theories for Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Revisiting Their Current Applicability on the Transition of Mexican Postgraduate Students to Life in the UK. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education, vol.13 (4), pp. 59-72. https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v13i4.2372
Hofstede, G. (1986). Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of intercultural relations, vol.10 (3), pp. 301-320.
HU, Yang, XU, Cora LINGLING y TU, Mengwei. 2020. “Family-mediated migration infrastructure: Chinese international students and parents navigating (im) mobilities during the COVID-19 pandemic”. Chinese Sociological Review, pp.1-26. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1838271
Jindal-Snape, D., y Rienties, B. (Eds.). (2016). Multi-dimensional transitions of international students to higher education. Routledge.
Khan, K., Li, Y., Liu, Sh. y Li, Ch. (2021). Psychological Distress and Trust in University Management Among International Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, vol. 12, p. 2287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679661
Kim, H. R. y Kim, E. J. (2021). Factors associated with mental health among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, vol.18 (21), pp. 2-13.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111381
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications Inc.
Koo, K. K., Yao, Ch. W. y Gong, H. J. (2021). “It is not my fault: Exploring experiences and perceptions of racism among international students of color during COVID-19. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, pp. 1-13. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000343
Lobe, B., Morgan, D. L. y Hoffman, K. A. (2020). Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, vol. 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875
Lysgaand, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International social science bulletin, vol. 7, pp. 45-51.
Malet Calvo, D., Cairns, D., França, Th. y De Azevedo, L. F. (2021). ‘There was no freedom to leave’: Global South international students in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Policy Futures in Education, vol. 0 (0), pp. 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1177/14782103211025428
Matei, L. y Iwinska, J. (2015). National strategies and practices in internationalisation of higher education: Lessons from a crosscountry comparison. En A. Curaj, L. Deca, E. Egron-Polak, J. Salmi (Eds), Higher education reforms in Romania. Between the Bologna Process and National Challenges. pp. 205-226.
Merriam, Sh. B. y Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: a guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Newman, P. A., Guta, A. y Black, T. (2021). Ethical Considerations for Qualitative Research Methods During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Emergency Situations: Navigating the Virtual Field. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, vol.20.: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211047823
Nguyen, A.-M. D., Jefferies, J. y Rojas, B. (2018). Short term, big impact? Changes in self-efficacy and cultural intelligence, and the adjustment of multicultural and monocultural students abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 66, pp. 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.08.001
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical anthropology, vol. 4, pp. 177-182. (Reprint). https://www.academia.edu/17206900/Cultural_Shock_Adjustment_to_new_cultural_environments_Kalervo_Oberg
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2018). Marco de competencia Global. Estudio PISA. Preparar a nuestros jóvenes para un mundo inclusivo y sostenible. Ministerio de educación, cultura y deporte. OECD. https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/descarga.action?f_codi go_agc=19146
OECD. 2022. International student mobility (indicator) (04 de abril 2022). https://doi: 10.1787/4bcf6fc3-en
Otero Gómez, M., Giraldo Pérez, W. y Sánchez Leyva, J. L. (2019). La movilidad académica internacional: experiencias de los estudiantes en Instituciones de Educación Superior de Colombia y México. Revista de la educación superior, vol. 48 (190), pp. 71-92.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (2007). Validity issues in narrative research. Qualitative Inquiry, vol.13 (4), pp. 471-486. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406297670
Reynolds, A. L. y Constantine, M. G. (2007). Cultural adjustment difficulties and career development of international college students. Journal of Career Assessment, vol.15 (3), pp. 338-350.
Rincón Moreno, M. (2013). Movilidad de doctores colombianos. Revisión del estado del arte frente a la internacionalización de la educación superior. Criterio Libre, vol.11 (18), pp. 279-304.
Rushworth, P. (2017). Latin America set to become third largest global region for international HE recruitment. En Neil Stewart Associates, The Education Studio. http://www.education-studio.co.uk/latinamerica-set-become-third-largest-global-region-internationalrecruitment/234
Saravanan, M. (2020). Economics of internationalisation of higher education in the post-pandemic era. Journal of Development Economics and Management Research Studies (JDMS), vol. 05 (05), pp. 53-60.
Schartner, A. (2014). Cross-cultural transition in higher education: The academic, psychological and sociocultural adjustment and adaptation of international postgraduate students at a British university (Doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle upon Tyne).
Serhan, D. (2020). Transitioning from face-to-face to remote learning: Students’ attitudes and perceptions of using Zoom during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, vol. 4 (4), pp. 335-342.
Sessarego Espeleta, I. y González Campos, J. (2020). Universidades Estatales de Chile: La orientación de los planes estratégicos institucionales en el camino a la internacionalización. Revista de la educación superior, vol. 49 (195), pp. 113-129. https://doi.org/10.36857/resu.2020.195.1254
Sherry, C., Bhat, R., Beaver, B. y Ling, A. (2010). Students as customers: The expectations and perceptions of local and international students. En HERDSA conference (4-7). New Zealand-Tertiary Institute.
Smith, R. A. y Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of intercultural relations, vol. 35 (6), pp. 699-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004
Suleri, J. (2020). Learners’ experience and expectations during and post COVID-19 in higher education. Research in hospitality management, vol. 10 (2), pp. 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2020.1869463
Tamtik, M. y Kirss, L. (2016). Building a norm of internationalization: The case of Estonia’s higher education system. Journal of Studies in International Education, vol. 20 (2), pp. 164-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315315587107
UNESCO. 2020. Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-education-duringcovid-19-and-beyond Urban, E. L., Orbe, M. P., Tavares, N. A. y Álvarez, W. (2010). Exploration of Dominican international students' experiences. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, vol.47 (2), pp. 233-250. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.6081
Van De Velde, S., Buffel, V., Bracke, P., Van Hal, G., Somogyi, N. M.; Willems, B., Wouters, E., for the C19 ISWS consortium#. (2021). The COVID-19 international student well-being study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, vol. 49 (1), pp. 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820981186
Van Der Zee, K. y Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2013). Culture shock or challenge? The role of personality as a determinant of intercultural competence. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 44 (6), pp. 928-940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113493138
Ward, C., Bochner, S. y Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. East Sussex- Routledge.
Weng, E., Halafoff, A., Barton, G. y Smith, G. (2021). Higher Education, Exclusion, and Belonging: Religious Complexity, Coping and Connectedness Among International Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia. Journal of International Students, vol.11 (S2), pp. 38-57. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11iS2.3553
Wright, C. y Schartner, A. (2013). ‘I can’t… I won’t?’ International students at the threshold of social interaction. Journal of Research in International Education, vol.12 (2), pp. 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240913491055
Xiong, W., Mok, K. H., Ke, G. y Cheung, J. O. W. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on international higher education and student mobility: Student perspectives from mainland China and Hong Kong. International Journal of Educational Research, vol.105, p. 101718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101718
YANG, Ying; ZHANG, Yixin y SHELDON, Kennon M. 2018. “Self-determined motivation for studying abroad predicts lower culture shock and greater well-being among international students: The mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 63, pp. 95-104. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.10.005
YEH, Chrisitne. J. y INOSE, Mayuko. 2003. “International students' reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress”. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, vol.16, núm.1, pp. 15-28. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/0951507031000114058
Yildirim, S., Bostanci, S. H., Yildirim, D. Ç. y Erdoğan, F. (2021). Rethinking mobility of international university students during COVID-19 pandemic. Higher Education Evaluation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/HEED-01-2021-0014
Zhang, X. (2020). Why do East-Asian international students often stay silent in class. University Affairs.
Zhou, Y., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K. y Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in higher education, vol. 33 (1), pp. 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070701794833