Women scientist in cinema: representation and forms of cinematic imaginary construction
Abstract
The woman is represented and the protagonist in cinematographic art since its inception. Cinematographic imaginary is constructed as global mental representations: they are globally mediated. Although there are many works on the representation of women in the broad spectrum of film analysis, certain female professions and ways of life have been of little interest. The article addresses an approach to the representation of female scientific characters from audiovisual analysis and with certain categories of actions and characters in mainstream films such as Agora (2009), Gorillas in the Mist (1988), Radioactive (2019) and Hidden Figures (2017).
References
BERGER, John. 1992. Ways of Seeing. Penguin, Nueva York (Estados Unidos).
CRENSHAW, Kimberle. 1989. "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Iss. 1, Article 8. Disponible en: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8 Consultado el: 20.07.2022.
DE LAURETIS, Teresa. 1987. Technologies of Gender. Essays on Theory, Film and Fiction. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Estados Unidos).
DE LAURETIS, Teresa. 1992. Alicia ya no. Feminismo, semiótica, cine. Cátedra, Madrid (España).
DOANE, M. A. 1990/1982. “Film and the Masquerade. Theorizing the female spectator”. En Issues in Feminist Film Criticism. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (Estados Unidos).
DURAND, Gilbert. 1994. L´imaginaire. Essai sur les sciences et la philosophie de l´image. Hatier, Paris (Francia).
DURKHEIM, Emilie. 1919. Les regles de la methode sociologiche. Librairie Felix Alcan, Paris (Francia).
FARA, Patricia. 2013. “Women in science: Weird sisters?”. En Nature, Vol. 495: 43-44. Consultado el: 13.07.2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/495043a
FLICKER, Eva. (2003). “Between brains and breasts – Women scientists in fiction film: On the marginalization and sexualization of scientific competence”. Public Understanding of Science, Vol.12, No. 3: 307-318. Consultado el: 10.08.2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662503123009
FLICKER, Eva. (2008). “Women scientists in mainstream films: Social role models – A con- tribution to the public understanding of science from the perspective of film sociology”. En Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences. Routledge, Nueva York (Estados Unidos).
GRAÑERAS PASTRANA, Montserrat, MORENO SANCHEZ, María Elena y ISIDORO CALLE, Noelia. 2022. Radiografía de la brecha de género en la formación STEM. Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional, Madrid (España).
HASANAH, Rini Uswatun y KOIRI, Much. 2022. “Re-imagining Black Scientist in Hidden Figures”. En ELite Journal: International Journal of Education, Language, and Literature, Vol. 2. No.: 2: 87-99. Disponible en: https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/elite Consultado el: 16.07.2022.
KAPLAN, E. Ann. 1998. Las mujeres y el cine. A ambos lados de la cámara. Cátedra, Madrid (España).
LAFOLLETE, Marcel. 1990. Making science our own. University of Chicago Pres, Chicago (Estados Unidos).
LEBRETON, David. 2010. Antropologia del cuerpo y modernidad. Nueva visión, Buenos Aires (Argentina).
LEVITT, Linda. 2014. “Troubling Binaries: Women Scientist in 1950-s B-movies”. En Smart Chicks on Screen: Representing Women's Intellect in Film and Television. Romand & Littlefield, Lanham (Estados Unidos).
MAYNE, Judith. 1985. “Feminist Film Theory and Criticism". En Signs, Vol. 11, No. 1: 81–100. Consultado el: 200.07.2022. Disponible en: doi:10.1086/494201
MEJON, Ana y JIMENEZ ALCARRIA, Francisco. 2022. “Mujeres científicas en el cine. El caso de Hipatia de Alejandría en Ágora (Alejandro Amenábar, 2009)”. En Área Abierta, Vol. 22, No.: 2: 237-254. Consultado el: 23.07.2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/arab.79635
MULVEY, Laura. 1999. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” En Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. Oxford University Press, New York (Estados Unidos).
PAVEZ, Isabel. 2015. Niñas y mujeres de América Latina en el mapa tecnológico: Una mirada de género en el marco de políticas públicas de inclusión digital. Sistema de Información de Tendencias Educativas en América Latina, Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación la Ciencia y la Cultura, Instituto Internacional de Planeamiento de la Educación, Buenos Aires (Argentina). Disponible https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371042 Consultado el: 15.07.2022.
ROSEN, Marjorie. 1974. Popcorn Venus; Women, Movies and the American Dream. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., Nueva York (Estados Unidos).
SHACKELFORD, Amy. 2013. "The Grim Reality of Female Characters in Superhero Films". En Everyday feminism. Disponible en: https://everydayfeminism.com/2013/11/female-characterssuperhero-films/ Consultado el: 13.07.2022
STEINKE, Jocelyn. 2005. “Cultural Representations of Women in Science. Portrayals of Female Scientists and Engineers in Popular Films”. En Science Communication, Vol. 27, No. 1: 27-63. Consultado el: 25.07.2022. Disponible en: DOI:10.1177/1075547005278610
STEINKE, Jocelyn; LAPINSKI, Maria Knight, CROCKER, Nikki; ZIETSMAN-THOMAS, Aletta; WILLIAMS, Yaschica; EVERGREEN, Stephanie Higdon; KUCHIBHOTLA, Sarvani. 2007. "Assessing Media Influences on Middle School–Aged Children's Perceptions of Women in Science Using the Draw-AScientist Test (DAST)". En Science Communication, Vol. 39:35–64. Consultado el: 21.07.2022. Disponible en: DOI:10.1177/1075547007306508