Alteraciones en la producción de citocinas en respuesta a Toxoplasma gondii aparecen desde las etapas tempranas en pacientes co-infectados con VIH-1.
Alterations in the production of cytokines in response to Toxoplasma gondii appear from early stages in patients co-infected with HIV-1.
Palabras clave:
VIH-1, Toxoplasma gondii, respuesta inmunitaria, co-infección
Resumen
Tanto el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana-1 (VIH-1), como el protozoo Toxoplasma gondii son capaces de infectar al ser humano e invadir su sistema nervioso central (SNC). En individuos inmunocompetentes T. gondii causa infecciones crónicas, generalmente asintomáticas; sin embargo, la inmunodeficiencia asociada a etapas avanzadas de la infección por VIH-1, se relaciona con la pérdida del control de la infección parasitaria latente y enfermedades graves a nivel del SNC, como encefalitis toxoplásmica. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la evolución de la respuesta inmunitaria contra T. gondii en pacientes co-infectados con VIH-1, en distintas etapas de la infección viral. La respuesta contra T. gondii se evaluó a través de la producción in vitro de citocinas en respuesta a antígenos parasitarios, en individuos con serología positiva para VIH-1 y negativa para T. gondii (P1), positiva para VIH-1 y T. gondii (P2), negativa para VIH-1 y T. gondii (C1) y negativa para VIH-1 y positiva para T. gondii (C2). Los pacientes (P1 y P2) se agruparon en tempranos/asintomáticos (P1A, P2A) o tardíos/sintomáticos (P1B/C, P2B/C) de acuerdo a su recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ en sangre periférica (>350 o <350 células/μL, respectivamente). La infección por VIH-1, desde etapas tempranas, se asoció con una producción de IL-2, TNF-α e IFN-γ en respuesta a T. gondii significativamente menor. Estos defectos pueden entorpecer la respuesta anti-T. gondii en pacientes co-infectados, aumentando la posibilidad de reactivación de las infecciones latentes, lo que representa un riesgo para la integridad y funcionalidad del SNC.
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Remington JS, Cavanaugh EN. Isolation of the encysted form of Toxoplasma gondii from human skeletal muscle and brain. N Engl J Med 1965; 273(24):1308-10.
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Kupz A, Pai S, Giacomin PR, Whan JA, Walker RA, Hammoudi PM, Smith NC, Miller CM. Treatment of mice with S4B6 IL -2 complex prevents lethal toxoplasmosis via IL -12- and IL -18-dependent interferon-gamma production by non-CD4 immune cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10(1):13115.
Gazzinelli RT, Wysocka M, Hieny S, Scharton-Kersten T, Cheever A, Kühn R, Müller W, Trinchieri G, Sher A. In the absence of endogenous IL -10, mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii succumb to a lethal immune response dependent on CD4+ T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL -12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. J Immunol 1996; 157(2):798-805.
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Wang ZD, Liu HH, Ma ZX, Ma HY, Li ZY, Yang ZB, Zhu XQ, Xu B, Wei F, Liu Q. Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocom-promised patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:389.
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Fisch D, Clough B, Frickel EM. Human immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15(12): e1008097.
MacMicking JD. Interferon-inducible effector mechanisms in cell-autonomous immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12(5):367-82.
Randow F, MacMicking JD, James LC. Cellular self-defense: how cell-autonomous immunity protects against pathogens. Science 2013; 340(6133):701-706.
Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, Peterson PK. Human microglial cell defense against Toxoplasma gondii. The role of cytokines. J Immunol 1994; 152(3):1246-1252.
Däubener W, Remscheid C, Nockemann S, Pilz K, Seghrouchni S, Mackenzie C, Hadding U. Anti-parasitic effector mechanisms in human brain tumor cells: role of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26(2):487-492.
Janssen R, van Wengen A, Verhard E, De Boer T, Zomerdijk T, Ottenhoff THM, Van Dissel JT. Divergent role for TNF-α in IFN- γ-induced killing of Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella typhimurium contributes to se- lective susceptibility in patients with partial IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency. J Immunol 2002; 169(7):3900-3907.
Ross SH, Cantrell DA. Signaling and function of IL -2 in T lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 36:411-433.
Bachmann MF, Oxenius A. Interleukin 2: from immunostimulation to immunoregulation and back again. EMBO Rep 2007; 8(12):1142-1148.
Escobar Guevara EE, Alfonzo Díaz MA, Fernández-Mestre M, Camacho Velásquez JC, Roldán Dávila YB, Alarcón de Noya B, De Quesada ME. HIV/Toxoplasma gondii co-infected patients produce lower levels of IFN-γ in response to T. gondii anti-gens, even in the asymptomatic stage of viral infection. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Cape Town 2009; Abstract no. WELBA104. (http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pa geId=11&abstractId=200722748).
Escobar-Guevara EE, Alfonzo-Díaz MA, Camacho-Velásquez JC, Roldán-Dávila YB, Alarcón de Noya B. HIV/Toxoplasma gondii coinfected patients modify their IL-2 and IL- 10 production in response to T. gondii and HIV antigens, even in the early stage of viral infection. 9th Latin American Congress of Immu- nology, Chile 2009; Abstract No. 354.
De Quesada ME, Marín H, Fuentes Alvarado YJ, Escobar Guevara EE, Roldán Dávila YB, Alfonzo Díaz MA. Disorders on attention, short-term memory and executive functions in HIV/Toxoplasma gondii co-infected patients, in the asymptomatic stage of viral infection. 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Rome 2011; Abstract no. CDB224. (http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pa geId=11&abstractId=200742783).
De Quesada ME, Fuentes Alvarado YJ, Marín H, Escobar Guevara EE, Roldán Dávila YB, Alfonzo Díaz MA. Visual and auditory event related potentials in HIV/Toxoplasma gondii co-infected patients, in the asymptomatic stage of viral infection. 6th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Rome 2011; Abstract no. CDB225. (http:// www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx? pageId=11& abstractId=200742799).
Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 1966; 153: 652-654.
Sternberg S. In defence of high-speed memory scanning. Q J Exp Psychol 2016; 69(10):2020-2075.
Picton TW. The P300 wave of the human event related potencial. Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 1030 9(1):456-479.
Polich J. P300 clinical utility and control of variability. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 15(1):14-33.
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Publicado
2022-08-22
Cómo citar
Escobar-Guevara, E., de Quesada-Martínez, M., Roldán-Dávila, Y., Alarcón de Noya , B., & Alfonzo-Díaz, M. (2022). Alteraciones en la producción de citocinas en respuesta a Toxoplasma gondii aparecen desde las etapas tempranas en pacientes co-infectados con VIH-1.: Alterations in the production of cytokines in response to Toxoplasma gondii appear from early stages in patients co-infected with HIV-1. Investigación Clínica, 63(3), 218-234. https://doi.org/10.54817/IC.v63n3a02
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