Ceratopogonidae: their role in pollination and fertilization at various technological levels of Theobroma cacao L. production
Keywords:
Pollinators, cocoa, fertilization, natural pollination, assisted pollination
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of pollinators on the pollination, fertilization and fruit set process in three technological production levels and three reproduction substrates, determinants in cocoa yield. Two pollination techniques (natural and assisted) were compared and as a control, flowers were isolated with antiaphid. Twenty-seven observation units were formed, with three biological replicates. A known number of flowers were evaluated 6, 14, 21 and 36 days after the opening of each flower on marked branches. The number of active flowers, pollinated, fertilized and fruits formed was recorded. Pollinators present in experimental units were collected using yellow sticky cards, then taken to the lab and identified. Pollination occurred up to three days after opening, the flower that remained with the ovary swollen and attached to the branch/stem was considered pollinated. Fertilization was recorded fourteen days after flower opening, fruit set begins after fertilization, an event that was quantified twenty-one days after flower opening. The systems studied did not influence the percentage of pollination, fertilization and fruit formation. However, the substrates did influence pollination, fertilization and fruit set. The assisted pollination technique is significantly superior to natural pollination. The same species of Ceratopogonidae were reported at all three levels and substrates, with genera Forcipomyia and Dasyhelea being the most abundant.
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References
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Vera, J., and Mogrovejo, E. (2010). Aumente la producción de sus cacaotales haciendo polinizacion manual suplementaria. INIAP. https://cutt.ly/WZ2c1XP
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Wessel, M. and Quist-Wessel P. (2015). Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and análisis of recent developments. Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 1-7 (Supplement C), 74-75. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2015.09.001
Wratten, S., Gillespie, M., Decourtye, A., Mader, E. & Desneux, N. (2012). Pollinator hábitat enhancement: Benefits to other ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 159, 112-122. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880912002460
Young, A. (1982). Effects of shade cover and availability of midge breeding sites on pollinating midge population and fruit set in two cocoa farm. Journal of Applied Ecology 19, 47-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2402990
Young, A. (1986). Hábitat differences in cocoa tree flowering, fruit-set and pollinator availability in Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 2, 163–186. https://cutt.ly/2Z2vwSW
Azhar, I. and Wahi, M. (1984). Pollination of cocoa in Malaysia: identification of taxonomic composition and breeding sites, ecology and pollinating activities, and seasonal abundance. Incorporated Society of Planters, 77-91. https://cutt.ly/RZ2xSor
Bianchi, F. Booij, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2006). Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proceedings of The Royal Society B 273, 1715-1727. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2006.3530
Bravo, J., Somarriba, E. & Arteaga, G. (2010). Factores que afectan la abundancia de insectos polinizadores del cacao en sistemas agroforestales. Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas XXVIII (1), 119-131. https://revistas.udenar.edu.co/index.php/rfacia/article/view/36
Cañarte-Bermúdez, E., Montero-Cedeño, S. & Navarrete-Cedeño, B. (2021). Reconocimiento, importancia y cuidado de los polinizadores en los sistemas de producción del cacao. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Guía No. 177. República del Ecuador. 38 p. http://repositorio.iniap.gob.ec/handle/41000/5749
Claus, G., Vanhove, W., Van Damme, P., Smagghe, G., & Mokwala, P. 2018. Challenges in cocoa pollination: the case of Cˆote d’Ivoire. In Mokwala P. (Ed.) Pollination in Plants (pp. 39-58). IntechOpen, London, UK. https://sci-hub.se/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75361
Córdoba, C., Cerda, R., Deheuvels, O., Hidalgo, E. & Declerck, F. (2013). Polinizadores, Polinización y Producción Potencial de Cacao en Sistemas Agroforestales de Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Agroforesteria en las Americas 49, 26-32. https://repositorio.catie.ac.cr/handle/11554/6677
Forbes, S. and Northfield, T. (2017). Increased pollinator habitat enhances cacao fruit set and predator conservation. Ecological Applications 27(3):887-89. https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/eap.1491
Gebauer, J., Kamal, E. & Georg, E. (October 9-11, 2002). The potential of underutilized fruit trees in Central Sudan [Abstract]. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development. Witzenhausen, Germany. https://www.tropentag.de/2002/abstracts/full/42.pdf
Kaufmann, T. (1975). Ecology and behavior of cocoa pollinating Ceratoponidae in Ghana, W. Africa. Environmental Entomology 4(2), 347-351. https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ee/4.2.347
Martínez, A, Narváez Z. & Spinelli, G. (2000). Midge pollinators (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the cocoa plant collected in Piaroa Amerindian Communities in Amazons State, Venezuela. Boletín de Entomología Venezolana 15(2), 249-253. https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/35304
Mendiburu, F. & Yaseen M. (2020). Agricolae: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. R package versión 1.4.0. https://github.com/myaseen208/agricolae
Montero-Cedeño, S., Sánchez, P., Solórzano, R., Pinargote, A. & Cañarte, E. (2019). Floración y Diversidad de Insectos Polinizadores en un Sistema Monocultivo de Cacao. ESPAMCIENCIA. 10(1): 1-7. https://cutt.ly/PZ2cfP8
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). (2008). Polinización, un servicio del ecosistema. https://cutt.ly/rZ2cvpx
Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. (22 de septiembre 2017). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo.
https://cutt.ly/ZZ2cTHH
Ramos-Serrano, R. (2011). Estudio de la Diversidad de Insectos Polinizadores en Sistemas Agroforestales de Cacao y su Relación con la Productividad y Diversidad de Especies del Dosel. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad de San Pedro. Honduras. 73 p. https://cutt.ly/ZZ2cFyX
Salazar-Díaz, R., and Torres-Coto, V. (2017). Estudio de la dinámica de polinizadores del cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en tres niveles tecnológicos de producción. Tecnología en Marcha 30(1), 90-100. https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/tem/v30n1/0379-3982-tem-30-01-90.pdf
Sánchez P., Morillo F., Munóz W., Soria S. & Marín, C. (2001). Las especies de Forcipomyia, Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) polinizadoras del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Colección de la Estación Experimental del INIA-Miranda, Venezuela. Entomotropica 16(2),147-148. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?em01013
Schroth, G. and Harvey, C. (2007). Biodiversity conservation in cocoa production landscapes: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation 16(8), 2237–2244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9195-1
Shackelford, G., Steward, P., Benton, T., Kunin, W., Potts S., Biesmeijer J. & Sait, S. (2013). Comparison of pollinators and natural enemies: A meta-analysis of landscape and local effects on abundance and richness in crops. Biological Reviews 88, 1002-1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12040
Toledo-Hernández, M., Wanger, T. & Tscharntke, T., (2017). Neglected pollinators: ¿can enhanced pollination services improve cocoa yields? A review. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 247, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.021
Toledo-Hernández, M., Tscharntke, T., Tjoa, A., Anshary, A., Cyio, B. & Wanger, T. (2020). Hand pollination, not pesticides or fertilizers, increases cocoa yields and farmer income. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 304, 107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107160
Vera, J., and Mogrovejo, E. (2010). Aumente la producción de sus cacaotales haciendo polinizacion manual suplementaria. INIAP. https://cutt.ly/WZ2c1XP
Vera, J., and Vera, J. (2018). Polinización artificial para incrementar la productividad en huertas y la obtención de cruces internacionales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), Editorial Grupo Compás, Guayaquil Ecuador, 53 p. http://142.93.18.15:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/272/3/libro%20listo3.pdf
Wessel, M. and Quist-Wessel P. (2015). Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and análisis of recent developments. Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 1-7 (Supplement C), 74-75. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.njas.2015.09.001
Wratten, S., Gillespie, M., Decourtye, A., Mader, E. & Desneux, N. (2012). Pollinator hábitat enhancement: Benefits to other ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 159, 112-122. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880912002460
Young, A. (1982). Effects of shade cover and availability of midge breeding sites on pollinating midge population and fruit set in two cocoa farm. Journal of Applied Ecology 19, 47-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2402990
Young, A. (1986). Hábitat differences in cocoa tree flowering, fruit-set and pollinator availability in Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 2, 163–186. https://cutt.ly/2Z2vwSW
Published
2022-08-25
How to Cite
Montero-Cedeño, S. L., Cañarte-Bermudez, E. G., Navarrete-Cedeño, J. B., Pinargote-Borrero , A., & Sanchez-Hernández, P. (2022). Ceratopogonidae: their role in pollination and fertilization at various technological levels of Theobroma cacao L. production. Revista De La Facultad De Agronomía De La Universidad Del Zulia, 39(3), e223943. Retrieved from https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia/article/view/38625
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Section
Crop Production
Copyright (c) 2022 Silvia Lorena Montero-Cedeño, Ernesto Gonzalo Cañarte-Bermudez, José Bernardo Navarrete-Cedeño, Antonio Pinargote-Borrero y Pedro Sanchez-Hernández
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