Designing An Integrated Reporting Guidance: An Initiative To Improve Environmental And Social Reporting Quality / Diseño de una guía de informes integrados: una iniciativa para mejorar la calidad de los informes ambientales y sociales
Resumen
ABSTRACT
Environment and social reporting need to be done in a comprehensively way. Integrated reporting provided opportunities to integrate social and environmental aspects with traditional financial reporting. This research trys to add a new improvement in scoring integrated reporting. A new scoring system consisted of 39 indicators derived from integrated reporting components. This system also provides scoring ranging from none to excellent. This scoring system might be used in the future by companies, auditors, or regulators in conjunction with assessing the quality of the integrated report.
RESUMEN
El medio ambiente y los informes sociales deben realizarse de manera integral. Los informes integrados brindaron oportunidades para relacionar aspectos sociales y ambientales con los informes financieros tradicionales. Esta investigación trató de agregar una nueva mejora en la calificación de informes integrados. Un nuevo sistema de puntuación consistió en 39 indicadores derivados de componentes integrados de informes. Este sistema también proporciona puntajes que van desde ninguno hasta excelente. Este sistema de puntuación podría ser utilizado en el futuro por compañías, auditores o reguladores junto con la evaluación de la calidad del informe integrado.
Citas
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACHIM, MV, & BORLEA, NS (2015). “Developing of ESG Score to Assess the Non-financial Performances in Romanian Companies”, in: Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, pp.1209-1224.
ADAMS, CA, & MCNICHOLAS P (2007). “Making a difference: sustainability reporting, accountability and organisational change”, in: Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp.382‐402.
ADAMS, C (2004). “The ethical, social and environmental reporting-performance portrayal gap”, in: Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 17(5), pp.731-757.
ADAMS, C (2013). Understanding Integrated Reporting. London: Routledge.
ADAMS, C (2017a). “The Sustainable Development Goals, integrated thinking and integrated report”. Retrieved from: http://integratedreporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/SDGs-and-the-integrated-report_summary_.pdf Accessed on Oct 1st, 2018.
ADAMS. C (2017b). “Five steps to aligning the SDGs with the IR Framework”. Retrieved from: https://www.icas.com/technical-resources/five-steps-to-aligning-the-sdgs-with-the-ir-framework, Accessed on Oct 2nd, 2018.
AHMED, AS, NEEL, M AND WANG, D (2013). “Does Mandatory Adoption of IFRS Improve Accounting Quality? Preliminary Evidence”, in: Contemp Account Res, 30, pp.1344-1372.
AL FAROOQUE, O, & AHULU, H (2017). Determinants of social and economic reportings: Evidence from Australia, the UK and South African multinational enterprises, International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 25(2), pp.77-200.
ARTHUR, N, TANG, Q, & LIN, ZS (2015). “Corporate accruals quality during the 2008–2010 Global Financial Crisis”, in: Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 25, pp.1-15.
ATKINS, J, & MAROUN, W (2015). “Integrated reporting in South Africa in 2012: Perspectives from South African institutional investors”, in: Meditari Accountancy Research, 23(2), pp.197-221.
BAMBER, M, & MCMEEKING, K (2016). “An examination of international accounting standard-setting due process and the implications for legitimacy”, in: British Accounting Review, 48(1), pp.59–73.
BARTH, ME, LANDSMAN, WR, & LANG, MH (2008). “International Accounting Standards and Accounting Quality”, in: Journal of Accounting Research, 46, pp.467-498.
BARTH, ME, CAHAN, SF, CHEN L, & VENTER, ER (2017). “The economic consequences associated with integrated report quality: Capital market and real effects”, in: Accounting, Organizations and Society, 62, pp.43-64.
BENNETT, B, BRADBURY, M, & PRANGNELL, H (2006). “Rules, principles, and judgments in accounting standards”, in: Abacus, 42, pp.189-204.
BERGER, PG (2011). “Challenges and opportunities in disclosure research—A discussion of “the financial reporting environment: Review of the recent literature.””, in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51(1-2), pp.204–218.
BERNARDI C, & STARK AW (2015). The transparency of environmental, social and governance disclosures, integrated reporting, and the accuracy of analyst forecasts. Unpublished working paper, Roma Tre University and University of Manchester.
BEYER, A, COHEN, D, LYS, T, & WALTHER, B (2010). “The financial reporting environment: a review of the recent literature”, in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50 (2–3), pp.296–343.
BOCKEN, NMP, SHORT, SW, RANA, P, & EVANS, S (2014). “A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes”, in: J. Clean. Prod. 65, pp.42–56.
BOEDKER, C, MOURITSEN, J, & GUTHRIE, J (2008). “Enhanced business reporting: international trends and possible policy directions”, in: Journal of Human Resource, Costing & Accounting, 12(1), pp.14–25.
BOVEE, C, & THILL, J (2010). Business communication today. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall.
BOZEC, R, & DIA, M (2015). “Governance practices and firm performance: Does shareholders’ proximity to management matter?”, in: International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 12(3), pp.185-209.
BRADBURY, ME, & SCHRÖDER, LB (2012). “The content of accounting standards: Principles versus rules”, in: The British Accounting Review, 44(1), pp.1-10.
BRAMMER, S, & PAVELIN, S (2008). “Factors influencing the quality of corporate environmental disclosure”, in: Business Strategy and the Environment, 17(2), pp.120–136.
BRAUER, MF (2013). “The effects of short-term and long-term oriented managerial behavior on medium-term financial performance: longitudinal evidence from Europe”, in: Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14:2, pp.386-402.
BRENNAN, NM, & SOLOMON, J (2008). “Corporate governance, accountability and mechanismsof accountabilityy: an overview”, in: Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 21, pp.885-906.
BRISCOE, HM (1995). Preparing Scientific Illustrations. Springer-Verlag, NewYork.
BUSCO, C, FRIGO, M.L, QUATTRONE, P AND RICCABONI, A (2013). Towards integrated reporting: concepts, elements and principles. In Integrated Reporting (pp. 3-18). Springer, Cham.
CHASE JR, CW (2014). “Innovations in business forecasting: Predictive analytics”, in: The Journal of Business Forecasting, 33(2), p.26.
CHEN, XP, YAO, X, & KOTHA, S (2009). “Entrepreneur passion and preparedness in business plan presentations: a persuasion analysis of venture capitalists' funding decisions.”, in: Academy of Management journal, 52(1), pp.199-214.
CHEUNG, YL, JIANG, P, & TAN, W (2010). “A transparency Disclosure Index measuring disclosures: Chinese listed companies”, in: Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 29(3), pp.259–280.
CHESBROUGH, HW (2010). Business model innovation: Opportunities and barriers. Long Range Planning, 43, pp.354-363.
CHURCH, BK, DAVIS, SM, & MCCRACKEN, SA (2008). “The auditor's reporting model: A literature overview and research synthesis”, in: Accounting Horizons, 22(1), pp.69-90.
CHURET, C, & ECCLES, RG (2014). “Integrated Reporting, Quality of Management, and Financial Performance”, in: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 26, pp.56-64.
CORMIER, D, MAGNAN, M, & VAN VELTHOVEN, B (2005). “Environmental disclosure quality in large German companies: Economic incentives, public pressures or institutional conditions?”, in: European Accounting Review, 14(1), pp.3-39.
COSMA, S, SOANA, MG, & VENTURELLI, A (2018). “Does the market reward integrated report quality?”, in: African Journal of Business Management, 12(4), pp.78-91.
CRAVEN, BM & MARSTON, CL (1999). “Financial reporting on the Internet by leading UK companies”, in: European Accounting Review, 8(2), pp.321-333.
CREMERS, KJ, & NAIR, VB (2005). “Governance Mechanisms and Equity Prices”. The Journal of Finance, 60, pp.2859-2894.
DECHOW, P, GE, W, & SCHRAND, C (2010). “Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences”, in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), pp.344–401.
DE HAES, S, & VAN GREMBERGEN, W (2008). January. Analysing the relationship between IT governance and business/IT alignment maturity. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008) (pp. 428-428). IEEE.
DEMIL, B, & LECOCQ, X (2010). Business model evolution: In search of dynamic consistency. Long Range Planning, 43, pp.227–246.
DHALIWAL, DS, LI, OZ, TSANG, A, & YANG, YG (2011). “Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting”, in: The Accounting Review, 86(1), pp.59-100.
DIPIAZZA, SA, & ECCLES, RG (2002). Building Public Trust: The Future of Corporate Reporting, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
DIOUF, D, & BOIRAL, O (2017). “The quality of sustainability reports and impression management: A stakeholder perspective”, in: Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 30(3), pp.643-667.
DOBLER, M (2008). “Incentives for risk reporting: a discretionary disclosure and cheap talk approach”, in: The International Journal of Accounting, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp.184-206.
DUAN, L, & XIONG, Y (2015). “Big data analytics and business analytics”, in: Journal of Management Analytics, 2(1), pp.1-21.
DUMAY, J, BERNARDI, C, GUTHRIE, J, & LA TORRE, M (2017). “Barriers to implementing the International Integrated Reporting Framework”, in: Meditari Accountancy Research, 25(4), pp.461–480.
ECCLES, R, & KRZUS, M (2010). The Quest for the'Holy Grail'of Integrated Financial and CSR Reporting.
ECCLES, RG, KRZUS, MP, ROGERS, J, & SERAFEIM, G (2012). “The need for sector‐specific materiality and sustainability reporting standards”, in: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 24(2), pp.65-71.
ECCLES, RG, & KRZUS, MP (2014). The integrated reporting movement: Meaning, momentum, motives, and materiality. John Wiley & Sons.
ELSHANDIDY, T, & NERI, L (2015). Corporate Governance, Risk Disclosure Practices, and Market Liquidity: Comparative Evidence from the UK and Italy. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(4), pp.331-356.
FILATOTCHEV, I, & NAKAJIMA, C (2010). “Internal and External Corporate Governance: An Interface between an Organization and its Environment”, in: British Journal of Management, 21, pp.591-606.
FLOWER, J (2015). The International Integrated Reporting Council: a story of failure. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 27, pp.1–17.
FORMAN, H, & HUNT, JM (2005). “Managing the influence of internal and external determinants on industrial pricing strategies”, in: Industrial Marketing Management, Vol.34, pp.133-46.
FRANCIS, J, KHURANA, I, & PEREIRA, R (2005). Disclosure incentives and effects on the cost of capital around the world, The Accounting Review, 80(4), pp.1125–1162.
FRANCO-SANTOS, M, KENNERLEY, M, MICHELI, P, MARTINEZ, V, MASON, S, MARR, B, GRAY, D, & NEELY, A (2007). “Towards a definition of a business performance measurement system”, in: International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(8), pp.784-801.
FREEMAN, R, MARTIN, K, & PARMAR, B (2007). “Stakeholder Capitalism”, in: Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4), pp.303-314.
FREEMAN, RE, HARRISON, JS, WICKS, AC, PARMAR, BL, & DE COLLE, S (2010). Stakeholder theory: the state of the art. Cambridge University Press, New York, United States.
GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE (2018). In Focus: “Addressing investor needs in business reporting on the SDG’s”. Retrieved from: https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/addressing-investor-needs-SDGs-reporting.pdf Accessedon: Oct 1st, 2018.
GRAY, R, OWEN, D, & ADAMS, C (1996). Accounting & accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice Hall.
GRAY, R (2001), “Thirty years of social accounting, reporting and auditing: what (if anything) have we learnt?”, in: Business Ethics: A European Review, 10, pp.9-15.
GUFFEY, ME, & LOEWY, D (2010). Essentials of business communication. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning.
HALLER, A, & VAN STADEN, C (2014). “The value-added statement – an appropriate instrument for Integrated Reporting”, in: Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 27(7), pp.1190–1216.
HEALY, PM, & PALEPU, KG (2001). “Information asymmetry, corporate disclosure, and the capital markets: A review of the empirical disclosure literature.”, in: Journal of Accounting and Economics, 31(1-3), pp.405–440.
HIGGINS, C, STUBBS, W, & LOVE, T (2014). “Walking the talk(s): organisational narratives of integrated reporting.”, in: Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 27, pp.1090–1119.
HO, SS, & WONG, KS (2003). “Preparers' perceptions of corporate reporting and disclosures.”, in: International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 1(1), pp.71-81.
HOANG, T (2018). The Role of the Integrated Reporting in Raising Awareness of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Performance. In Stakeholders, Governance and Responsibility (pp. 47-69). Emerald Publishing Limited.
HUGHEN, L, LULSEGED, A, & UPTON, DR (2014). “Improving stakeholder value through sustainability and integrated reporting”. The CPA journal, 84(3), p.57.
IASB (2010). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. London: IASB.
INGENBLEEK, P (2007). “Value‐informed pricing in its organizational context: literature review, conceptual framework, and directions for future research”, in: Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 16 Issue: 7, pp.441-458.
IQBAL KHADAROO, M (2005). “Business reporting on the internet in Malaysia and Singapore: A comparative study”, in: Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(1), pp.58-68.
KACHOURI, M, & JARBOUI, A (2017). “Exploring the relation between corporate reporting and corporate governance effectiveness”, in: Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, Vol. 15 Issue: 3, pp.347-366.
KIESO, DE, WEYGANDT, JJ, & WARFIELD, TD (2019). Intermediate accounting. John Wiley & Sons.
KOLK, A, & PINKSE, J (2010). “The integration of corporate governance in corporate social responsibility disclosures”, in: Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,17, pp.15-26.
LIN, Z, JIANG, Y, TANG, Q, & HE, X (2014). “Does high-quality financial reporting mitigate the negative impact of Global Financial Crises on firm performance? Evidence from the United Kingdom”, in: Australasian Accounting, Business, and Finance Journal, 8(5), pp.19–46.
LINSLEY, PM, & SHRIVES, PJ (2006). “Risk reporting. a study of risk disclosures in the annual reports of UK companies”, in: British Accounting Review, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp.387-404.
LODHIA, S (2015). “Exploring the transition to integrated reporting through a practice lens: an Australian customer owned bank perspective”, in: Journal of Business Ethics, 129(3), pp.585-598.
MARSTON, CL, & SHRIVES, PJ (1991). “The use of disclosure indices in accounting research: A review article.”, in: The British Accounting Review, 23(3), pp.195–210.
MCDANIEL, L, MARTIN, R, & MAINES, L (2002). “Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality: The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial Literacy.”, in: The Accounting Review, 77, pp.139-167.
MELLONI, G, CAGLIO, A, & PEREGO, P (2017). “Saying more with less? Disclosure conciseness, completeness and balance in Integrated Reports.”, in: Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 36(3), pp.220-238.
MIIHKINEN, A (2012). “What DrivesQuality of Firm Risk Disclosure? TheImpact of National Disclosure Standard and Reporting Incentives under IFRS.”, in: The International Journal of Accounting, 47(4), pp.437-468.
MONTABON, F, SROUFE, R, & NARASIMHAN, R (2007). “An examination of corporate reporting, environmental management practices, and firm performance.”, in: Journal of Operations Management 2 (5), pp.998–1014.
MORROS, J., (2016). “The integrated reporting: A presentation of the current state of art and aspects of integrated reporting that need further development.”, in: Intangible Capital, 12(1), pp.336-356.
NUDURUPATI, SS, BITITCI, US, KUMAR, V, & CHAN, FTS (2011). “State of the art literature review on performance measurement”, in: Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp.279-290.
NUNES, AR, LEE, K, & O'RIORDAN, T (2016). “The importance of an integrating framework for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: the example of health and well-being.”, in: BMJ global health, 1(3), p.e000068.
OPRISOR, T (2015). “Auditing Integrated Reports: Are there Solutions to this Puzzle?”, in: Procedia Economics and Finance, 25, pp.87–95.
OSTERWALDER, A, & PIGNEUR, Y (2010). Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.
PISTONI, A, SONGINI, L, & BAVAGNOLI, F (2018). “Integrated reporting quality: an empirical analysis.”, in: Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(4), pp.489-507.
PARHANKANGAS, A, & EHRLICH, M (2013). “How entrepreneurs seduce business angels: an impression management approach”, in: Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp.543-564.
PAVLOPOULOS, A, MAGNIS, C, & IATRIDIS, GE (2017). “Integrated reporting: Is it the last piece of the accounting disclosure puzzle?”, in: Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 41, pp.23–46.
PRATAMA, A (2017). “Clustering Indonesian companies’ Annual Reports: preliminary assessment of the implementation of integrated reporting by Indonesian listed companies”, in: Int. J. Globalisation and Small Business, 9(1), pp.46–54.
ROBBINS, WA, & AUSTIN, KR (1986). “Disclosure Quality in Governmental Financial Reports: An Assessment of the Appropriateness of a Compound Measure.”, in: Journal of Accounting Research, 24(2), p.412.
SALVIONI, D, & BOSETTI, L (2006). “Corporate governance report and stakeholder view. Symphonya.”, in: Emerging Issues in Management, (1), pp.24-46.
SCHOOLEY, DK, & ENGLISH, DM (2015). “SASB: A pathway to sustainability reporting in the United States.”, in: The CPA journal, 85(4), p.22.
SCOTT, WR (2009). Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont: Pearson Prentice Hall.
SERAFEIM, G (2015). “Integrated Reporting and Investor Clientele.”, in: Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 27, pp.34-51.
SHERMAN, DH, & YOUNG, DS (2016). Where Financial Reporting Still Falls Short. Harvard Business Review, July – August 2016 edition.
SIAGIAN, F, SIREGAR, SV, & RAHADIAN, Y (2013). “Corporate governance, reporting quality, and firm value: evidence from Indonesia.”, in: Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 3(1), pp.4–20.
SIERRA‐GARCÍA, L, ZORIO‐GRIMA, A, & GARCÍA‐BENAU, MA (2015). “Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: An exploratory study.”, in: Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(5), pp.286-304.
SOLOMON, J, & MAROUN, W (2012). Integrated reporting: the influence of King III on social, ethical and environmental reporting.
STENT, W, & DOWLER, T (2015). “Early assessments of the gap between integrated reporting and current corporate reporting.”, in: Meditari Accountancy Research, 23(1), pp.92-117.
STEYN, M (2014). “Organisational benefits and implementation challenges of mandatory integrated reporting: Perspectives of senior executives at South African listed companies”, in: Sustainability Accounting, Management, and Policy Journal, 5(4), pp.476-503
STUBBS, W, HIGGINS, C, MILNE, M, & HEMS, L (2015). Financial capital providers’ perceptions of integrated reporting. Working paper: Clayton.
SUNDER, S (2010). Adverse effects of uniform written reporting standards on accounting practice, education, and research. Journal of accounting and public policy, 29(2), pp.99-114.
TANG, Q, CHEN, H, & LIN, Z (2016). “How to measure country-level financial reporting quality?”, in: Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 14(2), pp.230–265.
TEECE, DJ (2010). “Business models, business strategy and innovation.”, in: Long Range Planning, 43, pp.172-194.
THOMPSON, JD, & MACMILLAN, IC (2010). “Business models: Creating new markets and societal wealth.”, in: Long Range Planning, 43, pp.291-307.
URQUIZA, FB, ABAD NAVARRO, MC, & TROMBETTA, M (2009). “Disclosure indices design: does it make a difference?”, in: Revista de Contabilidad, 12(2), pp.253–277.
VAN BEEST, F, BRAAM, G, & BOELENS, S (2009). Quality of Financial Reporting: measuring qualitative characteristics. Nijmegen Center for Economics (NiCE).
VAN ZYL, AS (2013). “Sustainability and Integrated Reporting In The South African Corporate Sector.”, in: International Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(8), pp.903 – 926.
VELTE, P, & STAWINOGA, M (2016). “Integrated reporting: The currenttstate of empirical research, future research implications”, in: Journal of Management Control, pp.1-46.
VENKATESAN, R, & KUMAR, V (2004). “A Customer Lifetime Value Framework for Customer Selection and Resource Allocation Strategy”, in: Journal of Marketing, 68(4), pp.106-125.
WILD, S & VAN STADEN, CJ (2013). Integrated Reporting: Initial analysis of early reporters–an Institutional Theory approach. 7th Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Accounting Research Conference, (pp. 26-28). Kobe.
WILLIAMS, LS (2008). “The Mission Statement: A corporate reporting tool with a past, present, and future”, in: Journal of Business Communication 45(2), pp.94-119.
WONG, R (2011). Corporate social and environmental reporting: a user perspective, Ph.D. thesis, University of Bath.
XUE, Y, LIANG, H, & BOULTON, W (2008). “Information Technology Governance in Information Technology Investment Decision Processes: The Impact of Investment Characteristics, External Environment, and Internal Context.”, in: MIS Quarterly, 32(1), pp.67-96.
YADIATI, W (2010). Teori Akuntansi: Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Penerbit Kencana.
YIP, GS (2004). Using strategy to change your business model. Business strategy review, 15(2), pp.17-24.
ZOTT, C, AMIT, R, & MASSA, L (2011). “The business model: recent developments and future research.”, in: Journal of management, 37(4), pp.1019-1042.