Complicaciones infecciosas asociadas al catéter de hemodiálisis. / Infectious complications associated with the catheter of hemodialysis
Abstract
RESUMEN
La utilización de un catéter como acceso vascular en comparación con la fístula arteriovenosa, se asocia a un importante factor de riesgo en el desarrollo de complicaciones infecciosas. El objetivo fue conocer la prevalencia de infecciones asociadas a catéter venoso central, en pacientes hemodializados. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, no experimental y de corte transversal. Se incluyeron un total de 214 pacientes con catéter de hemodiálisis, seleccionados de diferentes unidades de hemodiálisis en un período comprendido entre 2016 y 2017. Las variables se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas, media ± DE. La prevalencia de infección asociada a catéter fue de 13,0%. 28 pacientes resultaron con infección asociada a catéter, en su mayoría mujeres con un 11,2%. El germen más común fue Staphylococcus aureus, sensible a meticilina, con 57,1%. En cuanto al sitio de inserción del catéter en los pacientes con infección asociada al catéter fue femoral derecho con un 35,7%, el tiempo de colocación fue entre 1 mes y 6 meses con 71,4%y el 35,7% no presentó un episodio previo de infección asociada al dispositivo. Se considera que los catéteres de hemodiálisis representan el mayor riesgo de bacteriemia, sepsis y muerte en comparación con otros accesos vasculares.
ABSTRACT
The use of a catheter as vascular access compared to the arteriovenous fistula is associated with an important risk factor in the development of infectious complications. The objective was to know the prevalence of infections associated with central venous catheter in hemodialysis patients. The study was descriptive, not experimental and cross-sectional. A total of 214 patients with hemodialysis catheters were included, selected from different hemodialysis units in a period between 2016 and 2017. The variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies, mean ± SD. The prevalence of catheter-associated infection was 13.0%. 28 patients resulted with catheter-associated infection, mostly women with 11.2%. The most common germ was methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, with 57.1%. Regarding the site of insertion of the catheter in patients with infection associated with the catheter was right femoral with 35.7%, the time of placement was between 1 month and 6 months with 71.4% and 35.7% did not present a previous episode of infection associated with the device. Hemodialysis catheters are considered to represent the greatest risk of bacteremia, sepsis and death compared to other vascular accesses.
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