Estudio epidemiológico e identificación de cepas de Escherichia coli asociadas a episodios clínicos en avicultura

• Sarah Saci Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Amine Msela Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Hillal Sebbane Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Bilal Saoudi Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Yousra Belounis Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Hakima Ait Issad Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de ressources naturelles. Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
• Karim Houali Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi–Ouzou, Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB). Tizi Ouzou, Algérie

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34363

Palabras clave: Argelia, resistencia a los antibióticos, colibacilosis aviar, Escherichia coli, patógena aviar, factores de riesgo

Resumen

La Escherichia coli patógena aviar (EPA) representa un importante reto para la industria avícola, causante de cuantiosas pérdidas económicas. Este problema se ve agravado por el uso inadecuado y excesivo de antibióticos en medicina veterinaria, que conduce a la aparición de cepas resistentes y crea así un riesgo importante para la salud pública. El presente estudio, realizado en 38 granjas avícolas de Argelia, consistió en la recogida de 200 muestras para el aislamiento de cepas de E. coli. La resistencia de estas cepas a antibióticos de uso frecuente se evaluó mediante el método de difusión en agar. Para determinar los posibles factores de riesgo se utilizó el Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples (ACM). Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que E. coli estaba presente en el 30 % de las muestras. Se observaron niveles alarmantes de resistencia frente a la tetraciclina (81,6 %), la ampicilina (78,3 %), la ciprofloxacina (68,3 %) y el ácido nalidíxico (60 %). Las condiciones ambientales estresantes en los gallineros, como variaciones de temperatura, mayor humedad, ventilación deficiente y densidad de población, se identificaron como factores clave en el desarrollo de la colibacilosis aviar. En conclusión, este estudio pone de relieve la urgente necesidad de vigilar y regular estrictamente el uso de antibióticos en medicina veterinaria y mejorar el bienestar animal para minimizar el riesgo para la salud pública. Además, es esencial que los granjeros mantengan unas condiciones ambientales óptimas en la cría de pollos.

Citas

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