Vaginal microbiota alteration in reproductive age women attending a Health Care Institute
Abstract
Vaginal Infections are the result of a set of external and internal factors that alter the vaginal microbiota. Objective to determine the alteration of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age who attended a gynecological consultation at the IPASME-Mérida -Venezuela, as well as establishing the relationship of some clinical and microbiological variables and risk factors with the different types of clinical entities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 40 women who were interviewed according to a structured questionnaire and a gynecological examination. The clinical and microbiological diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was made using the Amsel criteria and by evaluation, according to the Nugent criteria, of the smear stained with the Gram stain. 47.5% of the women presented altered vaginal microbiota, with a 30% prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, followed by 10% of candidal vulvovaginitis and 6.5% of trichomoniasis. A statistically significant relationship (p <0.05) was found between bacterial vaginosis and the Amsel criteria. The smear of vaginal discharge, stained with the Gram stain, confirmed the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis
References
Tur-Torres MH, Alijotas-Reig J. Maternal microbiota and the major obstetric syndromes: When the enemy becomes an ally. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2018;150(4):165. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicina-clinica-2-linkresolver-la-microbiota-materna-grandes-sindromes-S0025775317303354 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.04.008 PMID 28571957
Onderdonk AB, Delaney ML, Fichorova RN. The Human Microbiome during Bacterial Vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2016;29(2):223-38. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00075-15 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-15 PMID 26864580 PMCID PMC4786887
Villarreal-Ríos E, Benítez-Benítez S, Vargas-Daza ER, Martínez-González L, Galicia-Rodríguez L, Escorcia-Reyes V. Incidencia de infecciones cervicovaginales diagnosticadas por citología y no tratadas médicamente. Ginecol Obstet Mex [Internet]. 2018;86(3):186-92. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0300-90412018000300004&lng=es&nrm=iso DOI: 10.24245/gom.v86i3.1981
González C, Moreno MA, Nieves B, Flores A, Chille A, Carrero S, et al. Flora vaginal en pacientes que asisten a consulta ginecológica. Rev la Soc Venez Microbiol [Internet]. 2006;26(1):19-26. Disponible en: http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1315-25562006000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso
Valencia-Arredondo M, Yepes-López WA. Prevalencia y factores asociados con vaginosis bacterianas, candidiasis y tricomoniasis en dos hospitales de los municipios de Apartadó y Rionegro-Antioquia, 2014. Iatreia [Internet]. 2018;31(2):133-44. Disponible en: https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/iatreia/article/view/327278 DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v31n2a02
Arnold Rodríguez M, González Lorenzo A, Carbonell Hernández T. Diagnóstico de vaginosis bacteriana. Aspectos clínicos y estudios microbiológicos. Rev Médica Electrónica [Internet]. 2014;36(3):325-38. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1684-18242014000300009
Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KCS, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis: Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med [Internet]. 1983;74(1):14-22. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9 PMID 6600371
Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 1991;29(2):297-301. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991 PMID 1706728 PMCID PMC269757
Romero Herrero D, Andreu Domingo A. Vaginosis bacteriana. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin [Internet]. 2016;34(Suppl 3):14-8. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-28-articulo-vaginosis-bacteriana-S0213005X16302142 DOI: 10.1016/S0213-005X(16)30214-2 PMID 27474242
Cristina A, Macías V, Olga I, Cañete D, Rodríguez IA. Diagnóstico y prevalencia de las infecciones vaginales en el Hospital General de Huambo, Angola. Panor Cuba y Salud [Internet]. 2018;13:306-9. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7322745
Spengler González L, Ayala Rodríguez I, García Rodríguez A. Infecciones cervicovaginales en exudados vaginales. Rev Cuba Med Mil [Internet]. 2020;49(3):e0200578. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-65572020000300008&lng=es
Abdul-Aziz M, Mahdy MAK, Abdul-Ghani R, Alhilali NA, Al-Mujahed LKA, Alabsi SA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019;19(1):879. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4549-3 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4549-3 PMID 31640583 PMCID PMC6805389
Ramírez-González DD, del Valle-Urrutia D. Prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana y factores asociados en mujeres de edad reproductiva. Ciencia, Tecnol y Salud [Internet]. 2017;4(2):281. Disponible en: https://revistas.usac.edu.gt/index.php/cytes/article/view/505 DOI: 10.36829/63CTS.v4i2.505
Agarón S, Valencia M, Cardona J. Factores Clínicos y Sexuales Asociados con Vaginosis Bacteriana, Cándida spp. y Trichomonas spp. en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud de Medellín (Colombia). Arch Med [Internet]. 2018;14(29):1-9. Disponible en: http://www.archivosdemedicina.com/medicina-de-familia/factores-cliacutenicos-y-sexuales-asociados-con-vaginosis-bacteriana-caacutendida-spp-y-trichomonas-spp-en-una-institucioacuten-pr.pdf
Rojas Jiménez S, Lopera Valle JS, Rodríguez Padilla LM, Martínez Sánchez LM. Infecciones vaginales en pacientes gestantes de una clínica de alta complejidad de Medellín-Colombia. Arch Med. 2016;16(1):32-42. Disponible en: https://revistasum.umanizales.edu.co/ojs/index.php/archivosmedicina/article/view/790 DOI: 10.30554/archmed.16.1.790.2016
Merchán-Villafuerte KM, León-Granadillo AE, Valero-Cedeño NJ, Quiroz-Villafuerte VM, Álava-Villafuerte MJ. Vaginosis bacteriana en mujeres ecuatorianas en edad reproductiva: epidemiologia y efectividad de los criterios diagnósticos. Dominio las Ciencias [Internet]. 2020;6(1):236-65. Disponible en: https://www.dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/1373 DOI: 10.23857/dc.v6i1.1373
Sánchez Hernández JA, Rivera A, Cortés Domínguez O, Muñoz Zurita G, Huerta Romano JF, Galindo Paz D. Diagnóstico microscópico versus prueba de hidróxido de potasio (KOH) para el diagnóstico de Gardnerella vaginalis. Enfermedades Infecc y Microbiol [Internet]. 2017;37(2):45-9. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=86091
López-Torres L, Chiappe M, Cárcamo C, Garnett G, Holmes K, García P. Prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana y factores asociados en veinte ciudades del Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica [Internet]. 2016;33(3):448-54. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342016000300009 DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2016.333.2350
Mejía-Pérez D, Ángel-Müller E, Rodríguez-Hernández AE, Ruiz-Parra AI, Tolosa-Ardila JE, Gaitán-Duarte H. Características operativas del diagnóstico clínico con y sin pruebas de consultorio (pH y prueba de aminas) para el diagnóstico de vaginosis bacteriana, en pacientes sintomáticas en Bogotá, Colombia. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol [Internet]. 2015;66(4):253-62. Disponible en: https://revista.fecolsog.org/index.php/rcog/article/view/292 DOI: 10.18597/rcog.292
Romero-Morelos P, Bandala C, Jiménez-Tenorio J, Valdespino-Zavala M, Rodríguez-Esquivel M, Gama-Ríos RA, et al. Bacterias relacionadas con vaginosis bacteriana y su asociación a la infección por virus del papiloma humano. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2019;152(1):1-5. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775318300873 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.01.027 PMID 29544661
Santos Fonseca RS, Casado Méndez PR, Méndez Jiménez O, Martínez Méndez V, Jiménez Almaguer D, Cordoví Álvarez LC. Efectividad del sistema de puntuación de Nugent en el diagnóstico de vaginosis bacteriana. Arch Médico Camagüey [Internet]. 2017;21(6):729-39. Disponible en: http://www.revistaamc.sld.cu/index.php/amc/article/view/5169
Ma L, Lv Z, Su J, Wang J, Yan D, Wei J, et al. Consistent Condom Use Increases the Colonization of Lactobacillus crispatus in the Vagina. PLoS One [Internet]. 2013;8(7):e70716. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070716 PMID 23894682 PMCID PMC3720897
Singh A, Kanti V, Dayal S, Kumar Shukla S, Mishra N. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Vaginosis Among Women of Reproductive Age Attending Rural Tertiary Care Institute of Western Uttar Pradesh. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2016;5(43):2695-701. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2016/630
Copyright (c) 2022 Ana Gabriela Pernía, Leanisbeth Valero, María Evelyn Alviarez-Vargas, Ana Carolina González Romero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Kasmera journal is registered under a Creative Commons an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en; which guarantees the freedom to share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt-remix, transform and build from the material, provided that the name of the authors, the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Zulia´s University and Kasmera Journal, you must also provide a link to the original document and indicate if changes have been made.
The Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Zulia and Kasmera Journal do not retain the rights to published manuscript and the contents are the sole responsibility of the authors, who retain their moral, intellectual, privacy and publicity rights. The guarantee on the intervention of the manuscript (revision, correction of style, translation, layout) and its subsequent dissemination is granted through a license of use and not through a transfer of rights, which represents the Kasmera Journal and Department Infectious Diseases, University of Zulia are exempt from any liability that may arise from ethical misconduct by the authors.
Kasmera is considered a green SHERPA/RoMEO journal, that is, it allows self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a manuscript) and the post-print (the corrected and peer-reviewed version) and even the final version (layout as it will be published in the journal) both in personal repositories and in institutional and databases.
_pequeño1.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.jpg)
