Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of groundwater wells of a rural sector located at low altitude in the venezuelan Andes
Abstract
Growth in human population and anthropogenic activities has increased the rate of groundwater pollution in the world, therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the potability of water from four underground wells in a rural area of Mérida State, through the physicochemical and microbiological characterization, to check the feasibility of its use as drinking water. The results indicate that the physicochemical parameters comply with venezuelan regulations. The waters have a wide variety of minerals, highlighting Ca, Na and Mg as majority cations and a hardness basically due to bicarbonate ions. The values of the isotopic distribution suggest the existence of two aquifers without hydraulic connections between wells. Bacteriological and parasitological analysis detects: heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Pseudomonas, as well as Ascaris spp., Blastocystis sp., Giardia sp., and Eimeria sp., probably derived from the underground filtration of septic tanks and percolated from the surface through the sandy clay loam soil, microorganisms that have adapted to the physicochemical characteristics of waters. The results show that the water from three wells cannot be used for consumption without some conventional treatment as filtration and coagulation, and disinfection processReferences
Piguave-Reyes JM, Castellano-González MJ, Macías-Avia AM, Vite-Solórzano FA, Ponce-Pibaque MD, Ávila-Ávila JA. Calidad microbiológica del agua subterránea como riesgo epidemiológico en la producción de enfermedad diarreica infantil. Revisión Sistemática. Kasmera [Internet]. 2019;47(2):153-73. Disponible en: https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/kasmera/article/view/29868/30869 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3556409 EBSCO Lilacs DOAJ Google Académico
Hardoy JE, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D. Environmental problems in an urbanizing world: Finding solutions in cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America [Internet]. 2nd edition. London: Routledge; 2013. 1-448 p. Disponible en: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315071732 DOI: 10.4324/9781315071732 Google Académico
Anduro Jordan JA, Cantú Soto Ernesto Uriel EU, Campas Baypoli ON, López Cervantes J, Sánchez Machado DI, Félix Fuentes A. Diagnóstico de la calidad sanitaria del agua de pozo en comunidades del sur de Sonora, México. RESPYN [Internet]. 2017;16(1):1-8. Disponible en: http://respyn.uanl.mx/index.php/respyn/article/view/24/306 DOI: 10.29105/respyn16.1-1
Méndez Vergara E, Contreras Miranda W, Rivero Ballestero JC, Monsalve M, Segundo Contreras Á, Carballo K, et al. Plan Municipal de Desarrollo 2014-2018 del Municipio Alberto Adriani. Visión Compartida y Acciones Propositivas a Corto, Mediano y Largo Plazo. Ecodiseño & Sostenibilidad [Internet]. 2016;6(1):34-279. Disponible en: http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/ecodiseno/article/view/7917/7859
Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. Normas Sanitarias de Calidad del Agua Potable [Internet]. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela No. 36395, SG-018-98 Caracas, Venezuela; feb 11, 1998 p. 1-7. Disponible en: http://www.safeintl.com/descargas/NORMAS-SANITARIAS-DE-CALIDAD-DEL-AGUA-POTABLE.pdf
Eaton AD, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, D.C. USA: APHA-AWWA-WEF; 2005.
Jaramillo D. Introducción a la ciencia del suelo [Internet]. Medellin, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias; 2002. 163-172 p. Disponible en: http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/2242/1/70060838.2002.pdf Google Académico
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. AOAC International. 17th ed. Washington. D.C. USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000.
Ayres R, Duncan M. Análisis de aguas residuales para su uso en agricultura: Manual de Técnicas parasitológicas y bacteriológicas de laboratorio [Internet]. Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 1997. 3-19 p. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41996/9243544845_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Valenzuela L, Ramírez-Hernández J, Palomares RB. Composición isotópica del agua subterránea y su relación con la salinidad en el valle de san luis río colorado en sonora, México. Inf Tecnol [Internet]. 2013;24(2):57-66. Disponible en: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/infotec/v24n2/art08.pdf DOI: 10.4067/S0718-07642013000200008 SciELO Google Académico
Gallego-Jaramillo L, Heredia-Martinéz H, Salazar-Hernández J, Hernández-Muñoz T, Naranjo-García M, Suárez-Hurtado B. Identificación de parásitos intestinales en agua de pozos profundos de cuatro municipios . Estado Aragua, Venezuela 2011-2012. Rev Cubana Med Trop [Internet]. 2014;66(2):164-73. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/mtr/v66n2/mtr02214.pdf SciELO Google Académico
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación. Guía para la descripción de suelos. [Internet]. 4th edición. Roma, Italia; 2009. Disponible en: http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0541s.pdf
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales. Normas para la Clasificación y el Control de la Calidad de los Cuerpos de Agua y Vertidos o Efluentes Líquidos. Decreto 883. [Internet]. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela, Gaceta oficial N° 5.021 Caracas, Venezuela; 1995. Disponible en: https://higueroteonline.com/normas-para-la-clasificacion-y-el-control-de-la-calidad-de-los-cuerpos-de-agua-y-vertidos-o-efluentes-liquidos-decreto-883/
National Academy of Science (NAS). Drinking water and Health. [Internet]. Vol 1. Washington. USA: National Academy Press. 1977. p. 63-85, 265-266. Disponible en: https://www.nap.edu/download/1780
Romero Rojas JA. Calidad del agua. 2 edición. Colombia: Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería; 2009. p. 48-52, 120-95.
Jenkins D, Snoeyink V. Química del agua. México-DF, México: Limusa; 2004. 244, 396–401 p.
Popoola LT, Yusuff AS, Aderibigbe TA. Assessment of natural groundwater physico-chemical properties in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis. Appl Water Sci [Internet]. 2019;9(8):191. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1073-y DOI: 10.1007/s13201-019-1073-y Google Académico
Gounot AM. Microbial oxidation and reduction of manganese: Consequences in groundwater and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 1994;14(4):339-49. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00108.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00108.x Google Académico
Rahman A, Rahaman H. Contamination of arsenic, manganese and coliform bacteria in groundwater at Kushtia District, Bangladesh: human health vulnerabilities. J Water Health [Internet]. 19 de julio de 2018;16(5):782-95. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.057 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.057
World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. En: World Health Organization. Wastewater use in agriculture [Internet]. Vol. II, Ginebra: World Health Organization; 2006. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/wwuvol2intro.pdf
Kolawole OM, Afolayan O. Assessment of groundwater quality in Ilorin, north central Nigeria. Arid Zo J Eng Technol Environ [Internet]. 2017;13(1):111-26. Disponible en: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assessment-of-Groundwater-Quality-in-Ilorin%2C-North-Kolawole-Afolayan/3fb9a38f2ff04d9b60c5d83b1adb766559bf1487 Google Académico
Varughese S, Devi Prasad KV. Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples in the Varahanadi watershed, India. Int J Environ Sci [Internet]. 2012;2(3):1662-9. Disponible en: http://www.ipublishing.co.in/ijesarticles/twelve/articles/voltwo/EIJES3155.pdf DOI: 10.6088/ijes.002020300050 Google Académico
Water Resources Programme - Isotópos Ambientales en el Ciclo Hidrológico : Principios Y Aplicaciones [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/ih/IHS_resources_publication_hydroCycle_es.html
Griebler C, Lueders T. Microbial biodiversity in groundwater ecosystems. Freshw Biol [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2009;54(4):649-77. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02013.x DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02013.x Google Académico
Koch AL. Oligotrophs versus copiotrophs. BioEssays [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2001;23(7):657-61. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.1091 DOI: 10.1002/bies.1091 Google Académico
Cullimore DR. Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology. 2nd Edition. Group T&F, editor. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press; 2007. DOI: 10.1201/9781420008166 Google Académico
Humbert JF, Dorigo U. Biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem functioning: A mini-review. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag [Internet]. 1 de octubre de 2005;8(4):367-74. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980500457773 DOI: 10.1080/14634980500457773 Google Académico
Tiquia SM, Schleibak M, Schlaff J, Floyd C, Benipal B, Zakhem E, et al. Microbial community profiling and characterization of some heterotrophic bacterial isolates from river waters and shallow groundwater wells along the rouge river, southeast Michigan. Environ Technol [Internet]. 1 de junio de 2008;29(6):651-63. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330801986998 DOI: 10.1080/09593330801986998 Google Académico
Jasmine Shahina SK, Sandhiya D, Rafiq S. Bacteriological quality assessment of groundwater and surface water in Chennai. Nat Environ Pollut Technol [Internet]. 2020;19(1):349-53. Disponible en: http://neptjournal.com/upload-images/(37)B-3619.pdf Google Académico
Schmidt-Lorenz W. Microbiological characteristics of natural mineral water. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1976;12(2-3):93-112. PMID 829205 Google Académico
Chapelle F. Ground-water microbiology and geochemistry. 2nd ed. New York. USA: John Wiley and Sons; 2000. 30-78 p. Google Académico
Lotfi S, Chakit M, Najy M, Z. Talbi F, Benchahid A, El Kharrim K, et al. Assessment of microbiological quality of groundwater in the Saïs plain (Morocco). Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish [Internet]. 25 de febrero de 2020;24(1):509-24. Disponible en: https://ejabf.journals.ekb.eg/article_73595.html DOI: 10.21608/ejabf.2020.73595 Google Académico
Lamrani Alaoui H, Oufdou K, Mezrioui N. Determination of several potential virulence factors in non-o1 Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, faecal coliforms and streptococci isolated from Marrakesh groundwater. Water Sci Technol [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2010;61(7):1895-905. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.263 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.263 Google Académico
Fillinger L, Hug K, Griebler C. Selection imposed by local environmental conditions drives differences in microbial community composition across geographically distinct groundwater aquifers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol [Internet]. 9 de octubre de 2019;95(11). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiz160 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz160 Google Académico
World Health Organization. Guias para la calidad del agua de consumo humano: cuarta edición que incorpora la primera agenda. Ginebra: World Health Organization; 2011. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272403/9789243549958-spa.pdf?ua=1
Campos MC, Beltrán M, Fuentes N, Moreno G. Huevos de helmintos como indicadores de contaminación de origen fecal en aguas de riego agrícola, biosólidos, suelos y pastos. Biomédica [Internet]. 15 de marzo de 2018;38(1):42-53. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/3352 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.3352 Google Académico
Daniels ME, Smith WA, Schmidt W-P, Clasen T, Jenkins MW. Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 19 de julio de 2016;50(14):7498-507. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05797 PMID 27310009 PMCID PMC5058636 Google Académico
Daniels ME, Smith WA, Jenkins MW. Estimating Cryptosporidium and Giardia disease burdens for children drinking untreated groundwater in a rural population in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2018;12(1):e0006231. Disponible en: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006231 PMID 29377884 PMCID PMC5805363 Google Académico
Qi M, Wang H, Jing B, Wang R, Jian F, Ning C, et al. Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in dairy calves in Xinjiang, Northwestern China. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2016;9(1):546. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1828-3 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1828-3 PMID 27737706 PMCID PMC5064801 Google Académico
Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Kwong LH, Arnold BF, Parvez SM, Alam M, et al. Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 2017;51(15):8725-34. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01710 PMID 28686435 PMCID PMC5541329 Google Académico
Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Voutzourakis N, Casaert S, et al. Abundance, zoonotic potential and risk factors of intestinal parasitism amongst dog and cat populations: The scenario of Crete, Greece. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2017;10(1):43. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-1989-8 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1989-8 PMID 28122583 PMCID PMC5264337 Google Académico
Sarzosa M, Graham JP, Salinas L, Trueba G. Potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis in semi-rural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Int J Appl Res Vet Med [Internet]. 2018 [citado 26 de mayo de 2020];16(1):1-6. Disponible en: https://www.jarvm.com/articles/Vol16Iss1/Vol16 Iss1 Trueba.pdf EBSCO Google Académico
Copyright (c) 2020 José Gregorio Prato-Moreno, Fernando C Millán-Marrero, Carly M Prada-Andrade, Claudiu Tănăselia, Lenis C Prado, María Eugenia Lucena, Iván Ríos-García, Luisa C González-Ramírez

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Kasmera journal is registered under a Creative Commons an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en; which guarantees the freedom to share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt-remix, transform and build from the material, provided that the name of the authors, the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Zulia´s University and Kasmera Journal, you must also provide a link to the original document and indicate if changes have been made.
The Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Zulia and Kasmera Journal do not retain the rights to published manuscript and the contents are the sole responsibility of the authors, who retain their moral, intellectual, privacy and publicity rights. The guarantee on the intervention of the manuscript (revision, correction of style, translation, layout) and its subsequent dissemination is granted through a license of use and not through a transfer of rights, which represents the Kasmera Journal and Department Infectious Diseases, University of Zulia are exempt from any liability that may arise from ethical misconduct by the authors.
Kasmera is considered a green SHERPA/RoMEO journal, that is, it allows self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a manuscript) and the post-print (the corrected and peer-reviewed version) and even the final version (layout as it will be published in the journal) both in personal repositories and in institutional and databases.