Atypical pneumonia in children: serological and molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Systematic Review
Abstract
M. pneumoniae is an important etiologic agent for atypical pneumonia in children. Due to its immunogenic characteristics, the clinical signs do not reach diagnostic certainty. Common methods used for different etiology do not produce diagnostic facilitating findings for therapeutic decisions. The objective of this review is to describe the usefulness of PCR and IgM serology for M. pneumoniae in children, considering that these are the most used techniques. Making use of the Pico strategy, scientific material was searched in PubMed, Embase, Chrocane databases; verifying terms Mesh and Decs. Exclusion criteria: abstracts, other microorganisms, adult population, different laboratory tests, case reports and letters to the editor. It is important to detect M. pneumoniae by the appearance of resistant to macrolide treatment microorganisms; secondary to not having reliable labs. Serology is not highly sensitive, in early stages; but, with paired tests, it confirms the diagnosis. To expedite detection, some propose PCR; depending on certain conditions, it could make a diagnosis. If the necessary requirements are not achieved, the use of the two tests is reliable. In conclusion, there is no superiority of a specific test; some studies suggest both tests for a rapid diagnosis and avoid resistance by indiscriminate use of antibiotics.References
Jama-Kmiecik A, Frej-Mądrzak M, Sarowska J, Teryks-Wołyniec D, Skiba A, Choroszy-Król I. Atypical and Typical Bacteria in Children with Community Acquired Pneumonia. En: Pokorski M, editor. Advances in Pulmonary Medicine: Research and Innovations [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 65-71. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_377 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_377
Chang HY, Chang LY, Shao PL, Lee PI, Chen JM, Lee CY, et al. Comparison of real-time polymerase chain reaction and serological tests for the confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with clinical diagnosis of atypical pneumonia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet]. 2014;47(2):137-44. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118213000686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.015 PMID 23726653 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kumar S. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: A significant but underrated pathogen in paediatric community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Med Res [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2018;147(1):23-31. Disponible en: http://www.ijmr.org.in/article.asp?issn=0971-5916 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1582_16 PMID 29749357 PMCID PMC5967212 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Copete AR, Aguilar YA, Rueda ZV, Vélez LA. Genotyping and macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identified in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Medellín, Colombia. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2018;66:113-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.019 PMID 29155089 PMCID PMC7129344 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kumar S, Garg IB, Sethi GR. Serological and molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019;95(1):5-9. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889318307156 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.03.010 PMID 31097260 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Smith S, Adamson PJ, Sadlon TA, Gordon DL. Prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in South Australia. Pathology [Internet]. 1 de octubre de 2016;48(6):639-42. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.004 PMID 27596238 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Sobieszczańska BM, Kasprzykowska U, Duda-Madej A, Secewicz A, Marciniak J, Gósciniak G. Relevance of serology for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children with persistent cough. Adv Clin Exp Med [Internet]. 2014;23(2):185-90. Disponible en: http://www.advances.umed.wroc.pl/pdf/2014/23/2/185.pdf DOI: 10.17219/acem/37046 PMID 24913108 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Parrott GL, Kinjo T, Fujita J. A Compendium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol [Internet]. 2016;7:513. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513 PMID 27148202 PMCID PMC4828434 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Zhang W-Z, Zhang S-J, Wang Q-Y, Li Y-D, Jing H-B, Hu G-Y, et al. Outbreak of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a primary school in Beijing, China in 2018. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019;19(1):871. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4473-6 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4473-6 PMID 31640591 PMCID PMC6805422 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Lee WJ, Huang EY, Tsai CM, Kuo KC, Huang YC, Hsieh KS, et al. Role of Serum Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgA, IgM, and IgG in the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Related Pneumonia. Clin Vaccine Immunol [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2017;24(1):e00471-16. Disponible en: http://cvi.asm.org/content/24/1/e00471-16.abstract DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00471-16 PMID 20616940 PMCID PMC2893430 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kashyap S, Sarkar M. Mycoplasma pneumonia: Clinical features and management. Lung India [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2010;27(2):75-85. Disponible en: http://www.lungindia.com/article.asp?issn=0970-2113;year=2010;volume=27;issue=2;spage=75;epage=85;aulast=Kashyap DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.63611 PMID 20616940 PMCID PMC2893430 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Ma Y-J, Wang S-M, Cho Y-H, Shen C-F, Liu C-C, Chi H, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics in children with community-acquired Mycoplasma pneumonia in Taiwan: A nationwide surveillance. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet]. 2015;48(6):632-8. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118214001716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.08.003 PMID 25311405 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Meyer Sauteur PM, Moeller A, Relly C, Berger C, Plecko B, Nadal D, et al. Swiss national prospective surveillance of paediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated encephalitis. Swiss Med Wkly [Internet]. 4 de enero de 2016;146(0102):w14222. Disponible en: https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2016.14222 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2016.14222 PMID 26752230 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Diaz MH, Benitez AJ, Winchell JM. Investigations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in the United States: Trends in Molecular Typing and Macrolide Resistance from 2006 to 2013. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2015;53(1):124-30. Disponible en: http://jcm.asm.org/content/53/1/124.abstract DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02597-14 PMID 25355769 PMCID PMC4290910 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Meyer Sauteur PM, de Bruijn ACJM, Graça C, Tio-Gillen AP, Estevão SC, Hoogenboezem T, et al. Antibodies to Protein but Not Glycolipid Structures Are Important for Host Defense against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun [Internet]. 1 de febrero de 2019;87(2):e00663-18. Disponible en: http://iai.asm.org/content/87/2/e00663-18.abstract DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00663-18 PMID 30396892 PMCID PMC6346122 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kuwahara M, Samukawa M, Ikeda T, Morikawa M, Ueno R, Hamada Y, et al. Characterization of the neurological diseases associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. J Neurol [Internet]. 2017;264(3):467-75. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8371-1 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8371-1 PMID 28025664 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Sharma MB, Chaudhry R, Tabassum I, Ahmed NH, Sahu JK, Dhawan B, et al. The presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and GM1 ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet]. 4 de marzo de 2011;5(06):459-64. Disponible en: https://jidc.org/index.php/journal/article/view/21727645 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.1508 PMID 21727645 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Hu CF, Wang CC, Chen SJ, Perng CL, Yang HY, Fan HC. Prognostic values of a combination of intervals between respiratory illness and onset of neurological symptoms and elevated serum IgM titers in Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalopathy. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet]. 2014;47(6):497-502. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118213001151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.06.011 PMID 23968755 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Li CM, Gu L, Yin SJ, Yang R, Xie Y, Guo XZ, et al. Age-specific Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia-associated myocardial damage in children. J Int Med Res [Internet]. 11 de septiembre de 2013;41(5):1716-23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060513497559 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513497559 PMID 24026772 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Chen F, Yang Y, Yu L, Bi C. Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: A cause for community-acquired infection among pediatric population. Niger J Clin Pract [Internet]. 1 de mayo de 2015;18(3):354-8. Disponible en: http://www.njcponline.com/article.asp?issn=1119-3077 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.153247 PMID 25772918 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kogoj R, Mrvic T, Praprotnik M, Kese D. Prevalence, genotyping and macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among isolates of patients with respiratory tract infections, Central Slovenia, 2006 to 2014. Eurosurveillance [Internet]. 2015;20(37). Disponible en: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.37.30018 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.37.30018 PMID 26536357 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Ishiguro N, Koseki N, Kaiho M, Kikuta H, Togashi T, Oba K, et al. Regional Differences in Prevalence of Macrolide Resistance among Pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Hokkaido, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2016;69(3):186-90. Disponible en: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yoken/69/3/69_JJID.2015.054/_article DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2015.054 PMID 26166502 Microsoft Académico
Medjo B, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Nikolic D, Radic S, Lazarevic I, Cirkovic I, et al. Increased Serum Interleukin-10 but not Interleukin-4 Level in Children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. J Trop Pediatr [Internet]. 5 de enero de 2017;63(4):294-300. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmw091 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw091 PMID 28057814 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Hong JH, Chun JK, Uh Y, Oh KJ, Kim J, Yoon KJ. Two Cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia with A2063G Mutation in the 23S rRNA Gene in Siblings. Ann Lab Med [Internet]. 2013/01/01. enero de 2013;33(1):65-8. Disponible en: http://www.annlabmed.org/journal/view.html?uid=2334&vmd=Full DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.1.65 PMID 23301225 PMCID PMC3535199 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Becker A, Kannan TR, Taylor AB, Pakhomova ON, Zhang Y, Somarajan SR, et al. Structure of CARDS toxin, a unique ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 21 de abril de 2015;112(16):5165 LP - 5170. Disponible en: http://www.pnas.org/content/112/16/5165.abstract DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420308112 PMID 25848012 PMCID PMC4413325 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Ben Aissa-Fennira F, Sassi A, Bouguerra A, Benammar-Elgaaied A. Immunoregulatory role for a public IgM idiotype in the induction of autoimmune diseases in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Immunol Lett [Internet]. 2011;136(2):130-7. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165247810002956 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.11.006 PMID 21134402 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Guo L, Liu F, Lu MP, Zheng Q, Chen ZM. Increased T cell activation in BALF from children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 2015;50(8):814-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23095 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23095 PMID 25157471 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory illness - Two rural counties, West Virginia, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2012;61(41):834-8. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6141.pdf PMID 23076092 Google Académico
Chen ZR, Yan YD, Wang YQ, Zhu H, Shao XJ, Xu J, et al. Epidemiology of community-acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections among hospitalized Chinese children, including relationships with meteorological factors. Hippokratia [Internet]. 2013;17(1):20-6. Disponible en: https://www.hippokratia.gr/2019/03/04/epidemiology-of-community-acquired-mycoplasma-pneumoniae-respiratory-tract-infections-among-hospitalized-chinese-children-including-relationships-with-meteorological-factors/ PMID 23935339 PMCID PMC3738272 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Chalker VJ, Stocki T, Litt D, Bermingham A, Watson J, Fleming DM, et al. Increased detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children in England and Wales, October 2011 to January 2012. Eurosurveillance [Internet]. 2012;17(6). Disponible en: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.17.06.20081-en PMID 22340973 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Liu CL, Wang GQ, Zhang B, Xu H, Hu LP, He XF, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in hospitalized children diagnosed at acute stage by paired sera. Chin Med J (Engl) [Internet]. 5 de diciembre de 2010;123(23):3444-50. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/cmj/Fulltext/2010/12010/Mycoplasma_pneumoniaepneumonia_in_hospitalized.13.aspx PMID 22166529 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Lin ZF, Zhao MQ, Guo M, Kuang L, Wang CB, Lian GW, et al. The seroprevalence of some pathogen specific IgM in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Guangzhou Region, 2011-2012 Clin Lab [Internet]. 2015;61(8):917-924. Disponible en: http://www.clin-lab-publications.com/article/1872 DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2015.141231 PMID 26427134 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Carcey J, Garcia P, Padilla O, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Increased prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae serological positivity in Chilean young children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) [Internet]. 11 de diciembre de 2016;44(5):467-71. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-linkresolver-increased-prevalence-mycoplasma-pneumoniae-serological-S0301054616300428 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.02.007 PMID 27240442 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Meyer Sauteur PM, Bleisch B, Voit A, Maurer FP, Relly C, Berger C, et al. Survey of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with community-acquired pneumonia in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2015;144(3940). Disponible en: https://smw.ch/article/doi/smw.2014.14041 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2014.14041 PMID 25254315 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kawai Y, Miyashita N, Kubo M, Akaike H, Kato A, Nishizawa Y, et al. Nationwide Surveillance of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Pediatric Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother [Internet]. 1 de agosto de 2013;57(8):4046-4049. Disponible en: http://aac.asm.org/content/57/8/4046.abstract DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00663-13 PMID 23716043 PMCID PMC3719750 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Wang M, Wang Y, Yan Y, Zhu C, Huang L, Shao X, et al. Clinical and laboratory profiles of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 1 de diciembre de 2014;29:18-23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.020 PMID 25449230 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Uh Y, M.D., Hong JH, M.D., Oh KJ, M.T., et al. Macrolide Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Its Detection Rate by Real-Time PCR in Primary and Tertiary Care Hospitals. Ann Lab Med [Internet]. 2013/11/01. noviembre de 2013;33(6):410-4. Disponible en: http://www.annlabmed.org/journal/view.html?volume=33&number=6&spage=410 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.6.410 PMID 24205489 PMCID PMC3819439 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kumar S, Garg I, Sethi G, Kumar S, Saigal S. Detection of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Pathol Microbiol [Internet]. 1 de abril de 2018;61(2):214-8. Disponible en: http://www.ijpmonline.org/article.asp?issn=0377-4929 DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_21_17 PMID 29676360 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Pereyre S, Goret J, Bébéar C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Current Knowledge on Macrolide Resistance and Treatment. Front Microbiol [Internet]. 2016;7:974. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00974 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00974 PMID 27446015 PMCID PMC4916212 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Miyashita N, Kawai Y, Akaike H, Ouchi K, Hayashi T, Kurihara T, et al. Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012;12(1):126. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-126 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-126 PMID 22650321 PMCID PMC3478186 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Maheshwari M, Kumar S, Sethi GR, Bhalla P. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with lower respiratory tract infections. Trop Doct [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2011;41(1):40-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.100149 DOI: 10.1258/td.2010.100149 PMID 21123487 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Wang K, Gill P, Perera R, Thomson A, Mant D, Harnden A. Clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children and adolescents with community‐acquired pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2012;10(10):CD009175. Disponible en: https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD009175.pub2 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009175.pub2 PMID 23076954 PMCID PMC7117561 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Medjo B, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Radic S, Nikolic D, Lukac M, Djukic S. Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia in children: clinical features and laboratory diagnosis. Ital J Pediatr [Internet]. 2014;40(1):104. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-014-0104-4 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0104-4 PMID 25518734 PMCID PMC4279889 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Gavranich JB, Chang AB. Antibiotics for community acquired lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2005;20(3):CD004875. Disponible en: https://doi.org//10.1002/14651858.CD004875.pub2 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004875.pub2 PMID 16034954 Google Académico
Kumar S, Saigal SR, Sethi GR. Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Trop Doct [Internet]. 19 de mayo de 2011;41(3):160-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2011.100422 DOI: 10.1258/td.2011.100422 PMID 21596845 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Tabassum I, Chaudhry R, Chourasia BK, Malhotra P. Identification of an N-terminal 27 kDa fragment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae P116 protein as specific immunogen in M. pneumoniae infections. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2010;10(1):350. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-350 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-350 PMID 21144026 PMCID PMC3022831 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Touati A, Pereyre S, Bouziri A, Achour W, Khaldi A, Jaballah N Ben, et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children: results of a 4-year prospective study in Tunis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis [Internet]. 2010;68(2):103-9. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732889310002075 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.010 PMID 20846581 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Zhao M, Wang L, Qiu F, Zhao L, Guo W, Yang S, et al. Impact and clinical profiles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-detection in childhood community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2019;19(1):835. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4426-0 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4426-0 PMID 31601192 PMCID PMC6788033 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Dumke R, Jacobs E. Evaluation of Five Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 1 de noviembre de 2014;52(11):4078-4081. Disponible en: http://jcm.asm.org/content/52/11/4078.abstract DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02048-14 PMID 25210063 PMCID PMC4313229 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Lee SC, Youn YS, Rhim JW, Kang JH, Lee KY. Early Serologic Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia: An Observational Study on Changes in Titers of Specific-IgM Antibodies and Cold Agglutinins. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2016;95(19). Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2016/05100/Early_Serologic_Diagnosis_of_Mycoplasma_pneumoniae.45.aspx DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003605 PMID 27175666 PMCID PMC4902508 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Ahmed S, Finkelstein JL, Stewart AM, Kenneth J, Polhemus ME, Endy TP, et al. Micronutrients and dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2014;91(5):1049-56. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25200269 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0142 PMID 25200269 PMCID PMC4228873 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Spuesens EBM, Fraaij PLA, Visser EG, Hoogenboezem T, Hop WCJ, van Adrichem LNA, et al. Carriage of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: An Observational Study. PLOS Med [Internet]. 14 de mayo de 2013;10(5):e1001444. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001444 PMID 23690754 PMCID PMC3653782 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Kassisse E, García H, Prada L, Salazar I, Kassisse J. Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients with acute asthma exacerbation. Arch Argent Pediatr [Internet]. 2018;116(3):179-85. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.5546/aap.2018.eng.179 DOI: 10.5546/aap.2018.eng.179 PMID 29756701 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Komatsu H, Imura M, Tateno A, Tsunoda T, Inui A, Sogo T, et al. Successful use of saliva without DNA extraction for detection of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in children using LNA probe-based real-time PCR. J Infect Chemother [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2013;19(6):1087-92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-013-0630-9 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-013-0630-9 PMID 23771735 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Jiang W, Yan Y, Ji W, Wang Y, Chen Z. Clinical significance of different bacterial load of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Brazilian J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2014;18(2):124-8. Disponible en: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1413867013002377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.06.004 PMID 24650994 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Zhang L, Zong ZY, Liu YB, Ye H, Lv XJ. PCR versus serology for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Indian J Med Res [Internet]. 1 de septiembre de 2011;134(3):270-80. Disponible en: http://www.ijmr.org.in/article.asp?issn=0971-5916 PMID 21985809 PMCID PMC3193707 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Merida-Vieyra J, Aquino-Andrade A, Palacios-Reyes D, Murata C, Ribas-Aparicio RM, Ranero A de C. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Mexican children with community-acquired pneumonia: Experience in a tertiary care hospital. Infect Drug Resist [Internet]. 18 de abril de 2019;12:925-35. Disponible en: https://www.dovepress.com/detection-of-mycoplasma-pneumoniae-in-mexican-children-with-community--peer-reviewed-article-IDR DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S193076 PMID 31118700 PMCID PMC6503500 Google Académico Microsoft Académico
Copyright (c) 2020 Jenifer Nathaly Trujillo-Calderón, Isaura Pilar Sánchez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Kasmera journal is registered under a Creative Commons an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en; which guarantees the freedom to share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and adapt-remix, transform and build from the material, provided that the name of the authors, the Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Zulia´s University and Kasmera Journal, you must also provide a link to the original document and indicate if changes have been made.
The Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Zulia and Kasmera Journal do not retain the rights to published manuscript and the contents are the sole responsibility of the authors, who retain their moral, intellectual, privacy and publicity rights. The guarantee on the intervention of the manuscript (revision, correction of style, translation, layout) and its subsequent dissemination is granted through a license of use and not through a transfer of rights, which represents the Kasmera Journal and Department Infectious Diseases, University of Zulia are exempt from any liability that may arise from ethical misconduct by the authors.
Kasmera is considered a green SHERPA/RoMEO journal, that is, it allows self-archiving of both the pre-print (draft of a manuscript) and the post-print (the corrected and peer-reviewed version) and even the final version (layout as it will be published in the journal) both in personal repositories and in institutional and databases.
_pequeño1.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.png)
_pequeña.jpg)
