Migración calificada del sur de Europa en México: Expectativas, oportunidades y nichos laborales // Qualified Migration from Southern Europe in Mexico: Expectations, Opportunities and Labor Niches

• Cristóbal Mendoza Pérez LGAC Relaciones internacionales, Migración y Economía. global. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa. DF., México.

Palabras clave: Inmigración, Inmigración altamente cualificada, Inmigración de españoles a México, Motivaciones y expectativas, Immigration, Highly qualified immigration, Immigration of Spanish to Mexico, Motivations and expectations

Resumen

Resumen.

Se presentan resultados de un proyecto de investigación centrado en la inmigración de alta calificación originaria de España e Italia en cuatro ciudades mexicanas (Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla y Distrito Federal). En concreto, se estudian las motivaciones y expectativas que llevan a estos inmigrantes calificados a desplazarse a México. El artículo está basado en un extenso trabajo de campo que consistió en 129 entrevistas semi-estructuradas con guión con inmigrantes procedentes de España e Italia que vivían en las cuatro ciudades. Las entrevistas que duraron un promedio de hora y media fueron trascritas y trabajadas sistemáticamente con el software MAXQDA. Con la excepción de los expatriados, los entrevistados apuntan a la falta de oportunidades laborales (contratos inestables, bajos salarios o trabajos no adecuados a su formación) como la principal razón de emigración. La atracción de México resulta de una amplia y variada oferta de trabajo en un mercado altamente flexible, donde las opciones empresariales se ven como viables. En este mercado, algunos entrevistados pueden desarrollar las habilidades técnicas y los conocimientos que le son vetados en sus países de origen, a la par que descubren nuevas formas de inserción laboral. Entre los aspectos negativos que provocan plantearse la permanencia en el país, los entrevistados mencionan problemáticas no laborales, particularmente aquéllas asociadas a la inseguridad y la falta de calidad de vida en las ciudades mexicanas; discursos que son particularmente relevantes entre aquéllos que cuentan con familia en México.

Abstract.

Here are presented results of a research project focused on highly qualified immigration originating in Spain and Italy in four Mexican cities (Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla and Federal District) In particular, the motivations and expectations that lead these qualified immigrants to move to Mexico are studied. The article is based on an extensive fieldwork that consisted of 129 semi-structured interviews with a script with immigrants from Spain and Italy who lived in the four cities. The interviews that lasted an average of an hour and a half were systematically transcribed and worked with the MAXQDA software. With the exception of expatriates, respondents point to the lack of job opportunities (unstable contracts, low salaries or jobs not suited to their training) as the main reason for emigration. The attraction of Mexico results from a wide and varied offer of work in a highly flexible market, where business options are seen as viable. In this market, some interviewees can develop the technical skills and knowledge that are vetoed in their countries of origin, while discovering new forms of employment. Among the negative aspects that lead to consider staying in the country, the interviewees mention non-labor problems, particularly those associated with insecurity and lack of quality of life in Mexican cities; discourses that are particularly relevant among those who have family in Mexico.

Citas

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