Towards the implementation of a strategy to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD +) in Mexico: the case of the Autlán Valley and its municipalities of influence

• Marco Berger Universidad de Guadalajara

Keywords: Reduced Emissions for Deforestation and Degradation (REDD ), Climate Change, Additionality, Environmental Governance

Abstract

This article is a case study whose objective is to examine the international strategy of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation in Mexico. A forest diagnosis was carried out and another one of sustainable development in the Autlán Valley and its municipalities of influence, one of the areas with higher level of natural capital and vulnerability to climate change in Mexico. Studies from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of Maryland were used as a reference. Significant variables were identified in the social, economic, environmental, environmental governance and climate change (traditional triple dividend approach). To identify the preconditions and areas of opportunity, the Municipal Environment Index was taken as a reference. The results indicate that the distribution of payment programs for environmental services, conservation and sustainable forest use, presents an unequal distribution between the municipalities around the Autlán Valley and the coastal basins of Jalisco. It is concluded that there are significant opportunities to align policies and public interventions in municipalities with higher levels of deforestation and degradation, and to increase the willingness of communities in the region to participate through the international strategy of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation.

References

Aguilar Villanueva, L. (2006). Gobernanza y Gestión Pública. México, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica. Recuperado de: http://forointernacional.colmex.mx/index.php/fi/article/view/1848

Alix-García, J.; Shapiro, E. y Sims, K. (2010). The Environmental Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services in Mexico: Preliminary Lessons for REDD. Land Tenure Center, pp 1-6. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47441244_Impact_of_Payments_for_ Ecosystem_Services_on_Deforestation_in_Mexico_Preliminary_Lessons_for_REDD

Angelsen, A. (2008). Avancemos con REDD+ Problemas, Opciones y Consecuencias. Bogor, Indonesia: Centro Internacional para la Investigación Forestal (CIFOR). Recuperado de: https:// www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BAngelsen0901.pdf

Brenner, L. y Vargas del Río, D. (2010). Gobernabilidad y gobernanza ambiental en México. Polis: Investigación y Análisis Sociopolítico y Psicosocial, 6(2), 115-154. Recuperado de: http://www. redalyc.org/pdf/726/72618890005.pdf

Burris, S. (2008). Changes in Governance: A Cross-Disciplinary Review of Current Scholarship. Social Science Research. Akron Law Review. Vol 41. 1-67. Recuperado de: https://ssrn.com/ abstract=1116678

Cárdenas, J.; Stranlund, J. y Willis, C. (2000). Local environmental control and institutional crowding-out. World Development, 28 (10):1719-1733. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4750516_Local_Environmental_Control_and_Institutional_Crowding-Out

Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático (2017). Estrategia Nacional REDD+ México. Zapopan, Jalisco. México: Comisión Nacional Forestal. Recuperado de: http://www.conafor.gob.mx/ web/temas-forestales/bycc/redd-en-mexico/estrategia-nacional-redd-enaredd/

Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad/CONABIO (2009). Sitios de manglar con relevancia biológica y con necesidades de rehabilitación ecológica. México, D.F. Recuperado de: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/manglares/doctos/PC13. html?cnb:tooltip=Criterios%20y%20caracterizaci%F3n&cnb:preview=images/manglarsitios/ PC13_s.jpg

Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad/CONABIO (2009). Áreas de importancia para conservación de aves a través de la definición de Corredores Biológicos. México, D.F. CONABIO. Recuperado de: http://conabioweb.conabio.gob.mx/aicas/doctos/aicas.html

Comisión Nacional Forestal/CONAFOR (2011). Servicios Ambientales y Cambio Climático. Zapopan, Jalisco: CONAFOR. Recuperado de: http://www.conafor.gob.mx:8080/documentos/ docs/24/2727DOSSIER.pdf

Comisión Nacional Forestal/CONAFOR (2014). Estrategia Nacional para la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación (ENAREDD+). Zapopan, Jalisco: CONAFOR. Recuperado de: http://www.conafor.gob.mx:8080/documentos/docs/24/2727DOSSIER.pdf

Comisión Nacional Forestal/CONAFOR (2014). Bases de Datos de beneficiarios apoyados en el Programa Nacional Forestal (PRONAFOR). Zapopan, Jalisco: CONAFOR. Recuperado de: http:// www.conafor.gob.mx/portal/index.php/tramites-y-servicios/apoyos-2014

Goetz, Scott, J; Hansen, Mathew; Houghton, Richard A; Walker, Wayne; Laporte, Nadine; Busch, Jonah (2015). Measurement and monitoring needs, capabilities and potential for addressing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+. Environmental Research Letters, 1-24. Recuperado de: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/65505/6316-drivers-deforestation-report.pdf

Hammer, J. y Pivo, G. (2016). The Triple Bottom Line and Sustainable Economic Development Theory and Practice. Economic Development Quarterly, 1-12. Recuperado de: http://journals.sagepub.com/ doi/abs/10.1177/0891242416674808

Hansen, P. y Moore, H. (2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 850-854. Recuperado de: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233722

Herold, M. y Skutsch, M.(2011). Monitoring, reporting and verification for national REDD+ programmes: two proposals. Environmental Research Letters, 1-10. Recuperado de: http:// ipclimatechange.trg-learning.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Monitoring-reporting-and- verification-Opciones-Nacionales.pdf

Instituto de Información Estadística y Geográfica de Jalisco/IIEG (2012). Índice Municipal de Medio Ambiente. Zapopan, Jalisco: IIEG. Recuperado de: http://www.iieg.gob.mx/general. php?id=3&idg=289

Instituto de Información Estadística y Geográfica de Jalisco/IIEG (2014). Cartas de Uso de Suelo y Vegetación. Zapopan, Jalisco: IIEG. Recuperado de: http://www.iieg.gob.mx/general. php?id=3&idg=598

Jagger, P.; Sills, E.; Lawlor, K., y Sunderlin, W. (2010). A guide to learning about livelihood impacts of REDD+ Projects. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Recuperado de: https://www.cifor.org/library/3283/a-guide-to-learning-about-livelihood-impacts-of- redd-projects/

Lemos, M. y Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental Governance. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 31 (I), 297-325. Recuperado de: https://www.annualreviews.org/toc/energy/31/1

Le Velly, G.; Sauquet, A. y Cortina-Villar, S. (2015). PES Impact and Leakeages over Several Cohorts: The case of PSA-H in Yucatan, Mexico. Études e Documents, No. 29, CERDI. Recuperado de: http://cerdi.org/production/show/id/1759/type_production_id/1

Munier, N. (2011). Methodology to select a set of urban sustainability indicators to measure the state of the city, and performance assessment. Ecological Indicators, 1020-1026. Recuperado de: https:// www.sciencedirect.com/journal/ecological-indicators/vol/11/issue/5

Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2008). UN Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD). Washington, D.C.: PNUD, PNUMA, FAO. Recuperado de: http://www.un-redd.org/

Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Pesca y la Alimentación/FAO (2010). Informe del país 2010 sobre la evaluación global de los recursos forestales: México. Roma: FAO. Recuperado de: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al567S/al567S.pdf

Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100(2), 1-33. Recuperado de: https://www.aeaweb.org/ articles?id=10.1257/aer.100.3.641

Palmer, C. (2011). Property rights and liability for deforestation under REDD+: Implications for permanence in policy design. Ecological Economics, 70, 571-576. Recuperado de https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800910004507

Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático/IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York. UNEP. Recuperado de: https://ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/pdf/WGI_ TAR_full_report.pdf

Pattanayak, S.; Wunder, S. y Ferraro, P. (2010). Show me the Money: Do Payments Supply Environmental Services in Developing Countries? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4(2). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/req006

Petkova, E.; Larson, A. y Pacheco, P. (2011). Gobernanza Forestal y REDD+. Desafíos para las Políticas y Mercados en América Latina. Bogor Barat: Center for international Forestry Research. CIFOR.
https://www.cifor.org/library/3642/gobernanza-forestal-y-redd-desafios-para-las-politicas-y- mercados-en-america-latina/

Phelps, J.; Webb, E. y Agrawal, A. (2010). Does REDD+ threatens to recentralize forest governance? Science-Policy Forum, 328(II), 312-313. Recuperado de: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/43160021_Does_REDD_Threaten_to_Recentralize_Forest_Governance

Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación/ SAGARPA (2014). Bases de Datos de beneficiarios apoyados en el Programa de Apoyo a la Agricultura. Recuperado de: http://www.sagarpa.gob.mx/SRC/Padron-de-Beneficiarios/Paginas/default.aspx

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales/SEMARNAT (2010). Visión de México sobre REDD+. Guadalajara, Jalisco: Comisión Nacional Forestal. Recuperado de: http://www.conafor.gob.mx:8080/documentos/docs/7/1393Visi%C3%B3n%20de%20M%C3%A9xico%20sobre%20 REDD_.pdf

Skutsch, M.; Turnhout, E.; Vijge, M.; Herold, M.; Wits, T.; Besten, J. y Torres, A. (2013). Options for a national framework for benefit distribution and its integration with REDD+ monitoring. REDD+. InfoBrief, No. 2, 1-12. Recuperado de: https://www.cifor.org/library/5176/options-for-a-national- framework-for-benefit-distribution-and-their-relation-to-community-based-and-national-redd- monitoring/

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/UNAM (2012). Análisis de cambio de cobertura y uso de suelo, escenario de referencia de carbono y diseño preliminar del mecanismo de monitoreo, reporte y verificación en los diez municipios de la junta Intermunicipal del Río Ayuquila, Jalisco. Morelia, Michoacán. Centro de Geografía Ambiental. Recuperado de: http://sis.cnf.gob.mx/biblioteca/