Risk factors in the presence of Feline Leukaemia
Abstract
This article analyzed the association of feline leukemia virus with several risk factors and its prediction in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a quantitative approach, ELISA immunoassay was used to detect the presence of the virus in a sample of 90 cats from different areas of the city. The statistical methods were applied: Contingency Tables and Decision Trees. The relative frequencies of ViLeF-positive animals were determined; the factors were not associated with the presence of the disease. The results reveal a prevalence of 9% for ViLeF in the population studied, data consistent with previous studies at the regional and international level. Key variables such as cat age, household population density, and access to the outdoors were identified as influencing factors in HIV seropositivity. Decision tree analysis determined that the likelihood of developing the disease increases if any of the factors studied are combined. Adult male cats who live with more than one cat and have access to the outdoors are more likely to get sick. Similarly, when a young cat is not vaccinated and lives in a habitat with more than one cat in an urban area, the risk is very high, even if the animal lives indoors.
Downloads
References
Zanutto MS, da Costa SC, de Araujo FZ. Prevalence of feline viral leukemia and immunodeficiency and risk factors in cats treated at a teaching hospital in Londrina, Paraná. Med. Vet. (UFRPE). [Internet]. 2023; 17(1):27–36. doi: https://doi.org/pnjd DOI: https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v17n1-5123
Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hartmann K. Feline leukaemia virus infection: A practical approach to diagnosis. J. Feline Med. Surg. [Internet]. 2020; 22(9):831-846. doi: https://doi.org/pnjf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X20941785
Kawasaki J, Nishigaki K. Tracking the continuous evolutionary processes of an endogenous retrovirus of the domestic cat: ERV-DC. Viruses. [Internet]. 2018; 10(4):179. doi: https://doi.org/pnjg DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040179
Lee IT, Levy JK, Gorman SP, Crawford PC, Slater MR. Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection and serum antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus in unowned free-roaming cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. [Internet]. 2002; 220(5):620-622. doi: https://doi.org/c3wdcm DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.620
Ortega C, Valencia AC, Duque-Valencia J, Ruiz-Saenz J. Prevalence and genomic diversity of feline leukemia virus in privately owned and shelter cats in Aburrá Valley, Colombia. Viruses. [Internet]. 2020; 12(4):464. doi: https://doi.org/pnjh DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040464
Santisteban-Arenas R, Muñoz-Rodríguez LC, Nieto JD, Londoño VP, Peña JC. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats in the center of Risaralda, Colombia. Rev. Investig. Vet. Peru. [Internet]. 2021; 32(3):e18901. doi: https://doi.org/pnjj DOI: https://doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v32i3.18901
Lloret A. The process of evidence-based medicine. J. Feline Med. Surg. [Internet]. 2009; 11(7):529. doi: https://doi.org/d7jxq6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.001
Canto-Valdés MC, Bolio-González ME, Ramírez-Álvarez H, Cen-Cen CJ. Epidemiological, Clinical and Diagnostic Features of FeLV and FIV: An Updated Review. Cienc. Agric. [Internet]. 2019 ; 16(2):57–77.doi: https://doi.org/pnjk DOI: https://doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v16.n2.2019.9119
Zdziennicka J, Dobko D, Drzewiecka B, Krac K, Kozera A, Nguyen D, Szponder J. Feline leukemia as a still rlevant problem in domestic and wild animals – the current state of knowledge. Med. Weter. [Internet]. 2023; 79(5):209–215. doi: https://doi.org/pnjn DOI: https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6770
Byers CG. Urgencias y cuidados intensivos en medicina Felina. En: Byers CG, Giunti M, editores. Asis Biomedia SL. Zaragoza: Edra; 2022.
Khalife S, Kassaa IAL. Occurrence and risk factors of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats of Lebanon. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. [Internet]. 2023; 93:101931. doi: https://doi.org/g5kqws DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101931
Calle-Restrepo JF, Fernández-González L, Morales-Zapata LM, Ruiz-Sáenz J. Virus de la leucemia felina: un patógeno actual que requiere atención en Colombia. Rev. Vet. Zootec. [Internet]. 2013 [citado dd/mm/año]; 7(2):117138. Disponible en: https://goo.su/3JhliO DOI: https://doi.org/10.17151/vetzo.2013.7.2.9
Molina VM. Prevalencia del virus de la leucemia felina (ViLeF) en el sur del Valle de Aburrá, Colombia. Rev. Med. Vet. [Internet]. 2020; 1(40):9–16. doi: https://doi.org/h9tm DOI: https://doi.org/10.19052/mv.vol1.iss40.2
Vasco-Villamarin AD. Prevalencia del virus de Leucemia Felina en gatos domésticos en las parroquias urbanas del cantón Latacunga–Cotopaxi. [Tesis pregrado]. Ecuador: Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi; 2022 [citado dd/mm/año]. 68 p. Disponible en: https://goo.su/ouJaJN
Solarte Martínez GR, Soto Mejía JA. Arboles de decisiones en el diagnóstico de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Sci Tech. [Internet]. 2011; 16(49):104-109. Disponible en: https://goo.su/meyVPo DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.tecnura.2012.3.a03
Dorn CR, N Taylor DO, Schneider R, Hibbard HH, R Klauber J M. Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California. II. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. [Internet]. 1968; 40(2):307-318. doi: https://doi.org/pnjv
Schneider, R. Feline malignant lymphoma: Environmental factors and the occurrence of this viral cancer in cats. Int. J. Cancer. [Internet]. 1972; 10(2):345–350. doi: https://doi.org/ck3knp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910100216
Courchamp F, Pontier D, Fromont E, Artois M. Impact of two feline retroviruses on natural populations of domestic cat. Mammalia [Internet]. 1995; 59(4):589-598. doi: https://doi.org/b8k6c9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1995.59.4.589
Francis DP, Essex M, Jakowski RM, Cotter SM, Lerer TJ, Hardy WD Jr. Increased risk for lymphoma and glomerulonephritis in a closed population of cats exposed to feline leukemia virus. Am. J. Epidemiol. [Internet]. 1980; 111(3):337–346. doi: https://doi.org/pnjw DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112905
Maruyama S, Kabeya H, Nakao R, Tanaka S, Sakai T, Xuan X, Katsube Y, Mikami T. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae, Toxoplasma gondii, FIV and FeLV Infections in Domestic Cats in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. [Internet]. 2003; 47(2), 147-153. doi:https://doi.org/pnjx DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb02798.x
Luria BJ, Levy JK, Lappin MR, Breitschwerdt EB, Legendre AM, Hernandez JA, Gorman SP, Lee IT. Prevalence of infectious diseases in feral cats in Northern Florida. J. Feline Med. Surg. [Internet]. 2004; 6(5):287–296. doi: https://doi.org/bckm3c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2003.11.005
Chhetri BK, Berke O, Pearl DL, Bienzle D. Comparison of the geographical distribution of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in the United States of America (2000–2011). BMC Vet. Res. [Internet]. 2013; 9(1):2. doi: https://doi.org/gb3rfd DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-2
Chhetri BK, Berke O, Pearl DL, Bienzle D. Comparison of risk factors for seropositivity to feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus among cats: A case-case study. BMC Vet. Res. [Internet]. 2015; 11:30. doi: https://doi.org/f63b9w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0339-3
Ramírez H, Autran M, García MM, Carmona MÁ, Rodríguez C, Martínez HA. Genotyping of feline leukemia virus in Mexican housecats. Arch. Virol. [Internet]. 2016; 161(4):1039–1045. doi: https://doi.org/f8g593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2740-4
Cavalcante LTF, Muniz CP, Jia H, Augusto AM, Troccoli F, Medeiros SO, Dias CGA, Switzer WM, Soares MA, Santos AF. Clinical and molecular features of feline foamy virus and feline leukemia virus co-infection in naturallyinfected cats. Viruses [Internet]. 2018; 10(12):702. doi: https://doi.org/g78nz5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120702
Capozza P, Lorusso E, Colella V, Thibault JC, Tan DY, Tronel JP, Halos L, Beugnet F, Elia G, Nguyen VL, Occhiogrosso L, Martella V, Otranto D, Decaro N. Feline leukemia virus in owned cats in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Vet. Microbiol. [Internet]. 2021; 254:109008. doi: https://doi.org/pnjz DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109008
Little, S., Sears, W., Lachtara, J., & Bienzle, D. (2009). Article Seroprevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection among cats in Canada. Can. Vet. J. [Internet]. 2009; 50(6):644-648. PMCID: PMC2684053. Available in: https://goo.su/d0uAxe
Gleich SE, Krieger S, Hartmann K. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus among client-owned cats and risk factors for infection in Germany. J. Feline Med. Surg. [Internet]. 2009; 11(12):985–992. doi: https://doi.org/ffpm8n DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.019
Diesel LP, de Mello LS, de Oliveira Santana W, Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Kipper D, Redaelli R, Pereira VRZB, Streck AF, Lunge VR. Epidemiological insights into feline leukemia virus infections in an urban cat (Felis catus) population from Brazil. Animals. [Internet]. 2024; 14(7):1051. doi: https://doi.org/pnj2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071051
Muz D, Can H, Karakavuk M, Döşkaya M, Özdemir HG, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Şahar EA, Pektaş B, Karakuş M, Töz S, Özbel Y, Gürüz AY, Muz MN. The molecular and serological investigation of Feline immunodeficiency virus and Feline leukemia virus in stray cats of Western Turkey. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. [Internet]. 2021; 78:101688. doi: https://doi.org/g588mw DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101688
Mejía-Villada AS, Arenas-González MJ, Usuga CR, Ramos LMR, Delgado ILJ, Cardona-Arias JA. Prevalence of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in patients from veterinary centers in three Colombian cities. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. [Internet]. 2024; 19(3):218–225. doi: https://doi.org/pnj3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajavsp.2024.218.225
Bande F, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Zakaria Z, Sapian NA, Rahman NA, Alasawy A. Prevalence and risk factors of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet. Res. [Internet]. 2012; 8:33. doi: https://doi.org/gb3rbp DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-33
De Paula EMN, Cruz CA, Moraes FC, Sousa DB, Meirelles- Bartoli RB. Características epidemiológicas da Leucemia Viral Felina. PubVet [Internet]. 2015; 8(16). doi: https://doi.org/pnj4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22256/pubvet.v8n16.1764
Studer N, Lutz H, Saegerman C, Gönczi E, Meli ML, Boo G, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Moestl K, Tasker S, Belák S, Lloret A, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink HF, Pennisi MG, Truyen U, Frymus T, Thiry E, Marsilio F, Addie D, Hochleithner M, Tkalec F, Vizi Z, Brunetti A, Georgiev B, Ludwig-Begall LF, Tschuor F, Mooney CT, Eliasson C, Orro J, Johansen H, Juuti K, Krampl I, Kovalenko K, Šengaut J, Sobral C, Borska P, Kovaříková S, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Pan-European study on the prevalence of the feline leukaemia virus infection – reported by the European advisory board on cat diseases (ABCD Europe). Viruses. [Internet]. 2019; 11(11):993. doi: https://doi.org/ghfrg9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110993
