Changes and interactions of milk components over one year by months

• Tahire Darbaz Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology. Morphou, Cyprus
• Beyza Ulusoy Near East University, DESAM Institute. North Cyprus Mersin 10, Nicosia, Türkiye - Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology. Nicosia, Cyprus
• Isfendiyar Darbaz Near East University, DESAM Institute. North Cyprus Mersin 10, Nicosia, Türkiye - Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Nicosia, Cyprus
• Feride Zabitler Tepik Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Nicosia, Cyprus
• Canan Hecer Cyprus West University. Famagusta, Cyprus
• Selim Aslan Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Nicosia, Cyprus

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e34483

Keywords: Bulk tank milk, somatic cell count, raw milk, total bacteria, milk quality

Abstract

This study was carried out by collecting tank milk samples every month, from a total of 240 farms producing cold chain milk for one year. Somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), some nutritional elements (lactose, protein, casein, fat) and some physicochemical parameters (dry matter, fat–free dry matter, freezing point, density, free fatty acids, Soxhlet Henkel acidity degree) and citric acid were analyzed. According to the results; TBC were at the highest level in March (M), April (A) and June (J) (835.07 x10³; 940.25 × 10³ and 1007.30 × 10³ cfu·mL^–1), whereas between July (Ju) and December (De), TBC (446.09 × 10³ and 795.15 × 10³ cfu·mL^–1) were significantly lower (P<0.001). The highest SCC were found in M, A and May (Ma), whereas the lowest SCC were found between September (S) and De. Between S and De, when SCC decreased, (varied between 236.13 × 10³ cells·mL^–1 and 284.43 × 10³ cells·mL^–1; P<0.05). Lactose values were found to be significantly higher in spring and summer compared to other months. A significant decrease was determined in protein values in the summer months compared to November (N) and De (P<0.05; P<0.01). It was also revealed that casein values were higher in the summer months Ma–August (Au) compared to the other lower months (P<0.01). For physico–chemical parameters, it was determined that non–fat solids and freezing point (FP) values decreased significantly during the summer months (P<0.01; P<0.001). The results obtained show that the parameters in question are seasonally affected, but these parameters change depending on the changes in both TBC and SCC values (high level of positive or negative correlation).

References

Özek K. Süt Sığırlarında Süt Kompozisyonunu Etkileyen Faktörler ve Besleme – Süt Kompozisyonu İlişkisi [Factors affecting composition of milk in dairy cattle and relation between nutrition and milk composition]. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi [Internet]. 2015 [cited 24 May 2024]; 4(2):37–45. Turkish. Available in: https://goo.su/u4xo3

Ma Y, Ryan C, Barbano DM, Galton DM, Rudan MA, Boor KJ. Effects of somatic cell count on quality and shelf–life of pasteurized fluid milk. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 2000; 83(2):264–274. doi: https://doi.org/czwd4v

Le Roux Y, Laurent F, Moussaoui F. Polymorphonuclear proteolytic activity and milk composition change. Vet. Res. [Internet]. 2003; 34(5):629–645. doi: https://doi.org/cv38sz

Akan E, Yerlikaya O, Kınık Ö. Psikrotrof Bakterilerin Çiğ Süt ve Süt Ürünleri Kalitesine Etkisi [Effect of psychrotrophic bacteria on quality of raw milk and dairy products]. Akademik Gıda. [Internet]. 2014 [cited 15 May 2024]; 12(4):68–78. Turkish. Available in: https://goo.su/x2s6dz3

Günhan T, Demir V, Bilgen H. Çiftlik Tipi Süt Soğutma Tanklarının Performans Değerlerinin Deneysel Olarak Belirlenmes [Experimental determination of performance ​​of farm type bulk milk coolers]. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi [Internet]. 2006 [cited 01 Dec. 2023]; 2(4):369–379. Turkish. Available in: https://goo.su/HvdlP

Komorowski EDS. New dairy hygiene legislation. Int. J. Dairy Technol. [Internet]. 2006; 59(2):97–101. doi: https://doi.org/cwqqvv

Diler A, Baran A. Erzurum’un Hınıs İlçesi Çevresindeki Küçük Ölçekli İşletme Tank Sütlerinden Alınan Çiğ Süt Örneklerinin Bazı Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi [Determination of some quality characteristics of raw cow milk on smallholder dairy farms in Hinis district of Erzurum]. Alinteri [Internet]. 2014 [cited 21 May 2024]; 26(1):18–24. Turkish. Available in: https://goo.su/pzW30P

Tsenkova R, Atanassova S, Kawano S, Toyoda K. Somatic cell count determination in cow’s milk by near–infrared spectroscopy: A new diagnostic tool. J. Anim. Sci. [Internet]. 2001; 79(10):2550–2557. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9xx

Küplülü Ş, Vural R. Büyük ruminantlarda meme sağlığı kontrol programları [Udder health control programs in large ruminants]. In: Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A, editors. Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastaliklari [Mammary diseases in domestic animals]. Malatya (Türkiye): Medipres Yayincilik. 2016. p. 261–294. Turkish.

Petersson–Wolfe CS, Tholen AR, Currin J, Leslie KE. Practical methods for mastitis control. WCDS Adv. Dairy Techn. [Internet]. 2013 [cited 15 Jan. 2023]; 25:341–358. Available in: https://goo.su/jsqaH

Manlongat N, Yang TJ, Hinckley LS, Bendel RB, Krider HM. Physiologic–chemoattractant–induced migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in milk. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. [Internet]. 1998; 5(3):375–381. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9xz

Miller RH, Paape MJ, Fulton LA, Schutz MM. The relationship of milk somatic cell count to milk yields for Holstein heifers after first calving. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 1993; 76(3):728–733. doi: https://doi.org/c76fm6

Ulusoy BH, Hecer C, Berkan Ş. Investigation of microbiological hazards in traditional Halloumi/Hellim manufacturing process. Atatürk Üniv. Vet. Bilim. Derg. [Internet]. 2020; 15(3):196–206. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x2

Guo JZ, Liu XL, Xu AJ, Xia Z. Relationship of somatic cell count with milk yield and composition in chinese Holstein population. Agric. Sci. China [Internet]. 2010; 9(10):1492–1496. doi: https://doi.org/b967xf

Özlem O, Kul E. Effects of some environmental factors on somatic cell count and milk chemical composition in cow bulk tank milk. Akademik Ziraat Derg. [Internet]. 2020; 9(1):163–170. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x3

Maha EH, Linda Z, Abdellah EH, Mohamed B, Ahmed D, Abdelmajid Z, Khadija O, Mohammed B. Seasonal effect on bovine raw milk composition of Oulmes local race in Morocco. Food Sci. Qual. Manag. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 01 Dec. 2023]; 52:49–55. Available in: https://goo.su/KiKKQS

Yang L, Yang Q, Yi M, Pang ZH, Xiong BH. Effects of seasonal change and parity on raw milk composition and related indices in chinese Holstein cows in northern China. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 2013; 96(11):6863–6869. doi: https://doi.org/f5d6vc

Wang M, Bai Z, Liu S, Fu B, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou G, Gong X, Jiang Y, Sui Z. Rapid and universal quantification of viable bacteria with growth activity in raw milk using a fluorescent d–amino acid–flow cytometry (FDAA–FCM) method. LWT [Internet]. 2023; 184:114998. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x4

Saeed SI, Mat–Yazid KA, Hashimy HA, Dzulkifli SK, Nordin F, Nik–Him NA, Fahmi–Bin Omar MF, Aklilu E, Mohamad M, Salma Zalati CW, Kamaruzzaman NF. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in east coast Malaysia. Animals [Internet]. 2022; 12(13):1680. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x5

Kazou M, Gavriil A, Kalagkatsi O, Paschos T, Tsakalidou E. The Impact of different inoculation schemes on the microbiota, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Greek Kopanisti cheese throughout production and ripening. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2023; 11(1):66. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x6

Tosun S, Baki Acar D. Tekirdağ İlinde Bulunan Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Sağım Hijyeni Uygulamaları ile Tank Sütü Somatik Hücre ve Toplam Bakteri Sayılarının Karşılaştırılması [The comparison of milking hygiene with bulk tank somatic cell count and total bacterial count in dairy herds in Tekirdag province]. Kocatepe Vet. J. [Internet]. 2019; 12(3):292–299. Turkish. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x7

Vural R, Ergün Y, Özenç E. Büyük ruminantlarda mastitis [Mastitis in large ruminants]. In: Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A, editors. Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastaliklari [Mammary diseases in domestic animals]. Malatya (Türkiye): Medipres Yayincilik. 2016. p. 149–259. Turkish.

Darbaz İ, Baştan A, Salar S. Investigation of udder health and milk quality parameters of dairy farms in Northern Cyprus. Part I: SCC and bacteriologic examination. Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. [Internet]. 2018 [cited 25 May 2023]; 65(2):145–154. Available in: https://goo.su/fSycx

Darbaz I, Ulusoy BH, Darbaz T, Hecer C, Aslan S. The importance of somatic cell count in dairy technology. J. Dairy Prod. Process. Improv. [Internet]. 2023; 73(2):75–84. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9x9

Olde–Riekerink RGM, Barkema HW, Stryhn H. The effect of season on somatic cell count and the incidence of clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 2007; 90(4):1704–1715. doi: https://doi.org/d63k8c

Clements ACA, Pfeiffer DU, Hayes D. Bayesian spatio–temporal modelling of national milk–recording data of seasonal–calving New Zealand dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. [Internet]. 2005; 71(3–4):183–196. doi: https://doi.org/bp8vqs

Morse D, DeLorenzo MA, Wilcox CJ, Collier RJ, Natzke RP, Bray DR. Climatic effects on occurrence of clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 1988; 71(3):848–853. doi: https://doi.org/bbs33r

Pavel ER, Gavan C. Seasonal and milking–to–milking variations in cow milk fat, protein and somatic cell counts. Not. Sci. Biol. [Internet]. 2011; 3(2):20–23. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9zb

Maciuc V, Radu–Rusu CG, Popescu EC, Radu–Rusu RM, Jurco EC. Influence of season and cows farming system on milk physical, chemical and hygienic traits. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 1 Dec. 2023]; 22(6):13108–13119. Available in: https://goo.su/oDFOLUW

Simioni FJ, Lopes LS, Nespolo CR, Stefani LM, Bordignon R, Bittelbrun MS. Season influence on milk physico–chemical and microbiological aspects in Western Santa Catarina. Semin. Ciênc. Agrar. [Internet]. 2014; 35(4):2033–2046. doi: https://doi.org/g7x8sw

Cassoli LD, Lima WJF, Esguerra JC, Da Silva J, Machado PF, Mourão GB. Do different standard plate counting (IDF/ISSO or AOAC) methods interfere in the conversion of individual bacteria counts to colony forming units in raw milk? J. Appl. Microbiol. [Internet]. 2016; 121(4):1052–1058. doi: https://doi.org/g8v9zc

Berry DP, O’Brien B, O’Callaghan EJ, Sullivan KO, Meaney WJ. Temporal trends in bulk tank somatic cell count and total bacterial count in Irish dairy herds during the past decade. J. Dairy Sci. [Internet]. 2006; 89(10):4083–4093. doi: https://doi.org/bf8fhx