Examen histopatológico de la efectividad de los aloinjertos óseos no vascularizados de tibia y fémur en la curación ósea en fracturas de tibia de rata
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar histológicamente el proceso de curación de fracturas de tibia reconstruidas con injertos óseos alogénicos procedentes de diferentes regiones anatómicas (tibia y fémur). Se utilizaron veinticinco ratas Sprague-Dawley, divididas en cuatro grupos: control de fractura (n = 7), trasplante óseo alogénico de tibia (n = 7), trasplante óseo alogénico de fémur (n = 7) y grupo donante (n = 4). Bloques de hueso corticocanceloso (5×5 mm) obtenidos de los animales donantes se fijaron a los focos de fractura creados en las tibias de las ratas receptoras mediante agujas de Kirschner. Tras un periodo de curación de cuatro semanas, se sacrificaron las ratas y se examinaron histológicamente las tibias. Las muestras de tejido se fijaron en formalina neutra al 10 %, se descalcificaron, se incluyeron en parafina y se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina. La tasa de formación de hueso nuevo se evaluó histomorfométricamente y se analizó mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se observó formación de callo óseo en la línea de fractura en todos los grupos. El tejido calloso fue más uniforme y la formación de hueso nuevo más densa en los grupos de trasplante alogénico de tibia y fémur. La mayor formación de hueso nuevo se observó en el grupo de trasplante de hueso alogénico de tibia y fémur en comparación con los controles (P < 0,05; P = 0,002). El trasplante de hueso alogénico no vascularizado, mediante injertos derivados de tibia y fémur, incrementó significativamente la consolidación de la fractura en comparación con el grupo control. Se concluyó que el uso de hueso alogénico obtenido de diferentes sitios anatómicos puede ser una opción eficaz y biocompatible para la regeneración ósea.
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