Biodegradación aeróbica de efluentes del procesamiento de pescado en reactores por carga

• Julio César Marín
• Abrahan Velásquez
• Carlos Chinga
• Ever Vizueta
• Robert Mero

Palabras clave: Biodegradación aeróbica, efluente de pescado, efluente industrial, reactores por carga, tratamiento biológico.

Resumen

Los efluentes originados durante el procesamiento de pescado y otros recursos marinos están caracterizados por una alta demanda bioquímica (DBO5,20) y química (DQO) de oxígeno, así como por niveles elevados de salinidad, sólidos, aceites y grasas, nitrógeno y fósforo, lo cual puede provocar un alto impacto sobre los ecosiste- mas receptores si no se realizan las operaciones de tratamiento requeridas. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo se evaluó la biodegradación aeróbica de efluentes resultantes del procesamiento de pescado de una industria de la ciudad de Manta (Ecuador), determinando la remoción del contenido orgánico y de nutrientes. Los ensayos de laboratorio se realizaron en reactores por carga en tres etapas, que in- cluyeron proporciones de efluente de 33, 66 y 100 % (etapas I, II y III, respectivamen- te). La caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica del efluente inicial y tratado se estableció en base a métodos estándares. Los resultados mostraron la alta capa- cidad del sistema aeróbico para la biodegradación de materia orgánica (85,4±3,4; 93,2±1,3 y 94,2±2,1% como DBO5,20 y de 82,0±5,3; 90,8±2,6 y 92,7±0,6% como DQO), amonio (45,3±4,6; 75,3±3,7 y 82,3±2,2%), nitrógeno total Kjeldahl (70,6±4,3; 81,6±2,3 y 83,2±2,3%), ortofosfato (24,1±5,2; 35,5±5,5 y 42,4±2,7%), así como de sólidos y bacterias coliformes, para las etapas I, II y III, respectivamente. El efluente trata- do cumplió con la norma ambiental ecuatoriana para la descarga a agua de mar y alcantarillado en cuanto al contenido de materia orgánica, pero requiriendo un postratamiento de desinfección para adecuar los niveles de bacterias coliformes.

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