Envejecimiento inflamatorio e inmunosenescencia, la posible respuesta a la severidad de la COVID-19 en los adultos mayores

• Adriana Beatríz Pedreañez Santana Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Medicina. Escuela de Bioanálisis. Departamento de Microbiología. Cátedra de Inmunología. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-0469
• Jesús Alberto Mosquera Sulbarán Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”. Maracaibo. Zulia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1496-5511
• Nelson Enrique Muñoz Castelo Universidad Nacional del Chimborazo. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Riobamba. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6873-0021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4268664

Palabras clave: COVID-19, envejecimiento, inflamación, inmunosenescencia, ancianos

Resumen

La infección por SARS-CoV-2 varía ampliamente con la edad, siendo generalmente más severa en los adultos mayores. En muchos de estos pacientes, puede desencadenarse un síndrome de tormenta de citocinas, caracterizado por una elevación sistémica de varias citocinas pro-inflamatorias, lo que podría inducir un síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA), neumonía, insuficiencia orgánica múltiple y finalmente la muerte. Durante el envejecimiento, el sistema inmunitario puede experimentar una disminución gradual de su función llamada “inmunosenescencia”, lo cual dificulta el reconocimiento, la señalización y la eliminación de amenazas. También se ha descrito un leve aumento crónico de la inflamación sistémica denominada “envejecimiento inflamatorio”, fenómeno implicado en trastornos como diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer y aterosclerosis. Una gran cantidad de datos recientes que describen la patología y los cambios moleculares en pacientes con COVID-19 apuntan a la inmunosenescencia y al envejecimiento inflamatorio como los principales impulsores de las altas tasas de mortalidad en los pacientes mayores. El objetivo de ésta revisión es analizar los datos experimentales y las observaciones clínicas que vinculan el envejecimiento inflamatorio y la inmunosenescencia con la fisiopatología de la COVID-19 en adultos mayores con infección grave

Citas

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